How the Media Distorts Male Self-Perception Essay

How the Media Distorts Male Self-Perception Women are insecure. They constantly diet and scrutinize their bodies. They fall victims to the anorexically thin models appearing in the media. Why do men have it so easy? For years these questions are what women asked themselves. In a world where appearance is everything, women have been the main source of all the hype concerning the image and body. Advertisements have been criticized for years about putting the pressures of the â€Å"perfect† body into the heads of millions of women. Up until a few years ago, it was believed that only women had the eyes of society on them. Now the scales are balancing. More men are beginning to feel pressured, by the same society, to†¦show more content†¦This transformation exhibits how society changed in its perspective on physical appearance. This marked the beginning of men’s desire for what women had been calling the â€Å"perfect† body. Before World War II, money was not lavishly spent on the perfection of the body (Luciano 11). After the return of the soldiers, men had more money as women retained their postwar jobs. With women making substantially larger paychecks, men had the ability to spend more time and money to make themselves look like the models displayed in the media. With the new advertisements by Calvin Klein, such as the Mark Wahlberg, also known as Marky Mark, steamy ads for men’s briefs, the appearance of male bodies has intensified (Luciano 112). More and more men, now with the monetary means of looking good, are trying to achieve perfection with their bodies. They want to have the same bodies as those shown in the advertisements and, at times, will not stop until they have reached that goal (Grogan 95). As exposure to the male body expands, the demand for â€Å"chiseled† bodies greatens. In recent years, the number of memberships and frequency of visits to health clubs has increased (Luciano 3). In one year alone, four billion dollars was spent on exercise equipment and health club memberships. â€Å"An estimated eighty-five million Americans, mostly male, are doing some sort of weightShow MoreRelatedThe Media Of Female Offenders1561 Words   |  7 PagesThe media today, is highly selective in their constructions of offences, offenders and victims. Media representations of crime are moulded and women are portrayed in a way that is entertainment driven and is appealing to the audience. Despite the fact that women seldom stalk, murder outsiders or commit sequential murders- in fact they are rarely vehement, â€Å"accounting for only ten percent of convicted violent offenders- those who do so are highly newsworthy because of their novelty† (Jewkes 2011,Re ad MoreMedia Vs Body Image1385 Words   |  6 PagesWhoever controls the media, controls the mind. Jim Morrison. Since World War II, the media has increasingly advertised a slimmer and thinner body image for the ideal body type. 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If viewing these portrayals is accepted, then mass media does in fact negativelyRead MoreThe Superhero Effect: Idealism and Stereotypes in Comic Books1577 Words   |  7 PagesIn our society, certain ideals are held in high regard. Individuals relentlessly pursue these ideals to achieve a perceived perfection. These principles are often depicted in media that further glorifies and establishes a desire to pursue these paragons. In a medium such as comic books, however, these standards and perceptions are heavily distorted by the characterizations and settings. Particularly, the superhero genre absorbs the ideals we strive towards and regurgitates them in an extreme and unrealisticRead MoreThe Representation of Young Black Men in the Media News1028 Words   |  4 PagesYOUNG BLACK MEN IN THE MEDIA (NEWS) We live in a media saturated environment where everything we know and what we consider to be important is often based on stories produced and displayed to us by the media, Brooks and Hebert (2006). Much of what we know and care about is based on the images, symbols and narratives in radio, television, film, music and other media systems. How individuals construct their social identities, how they come to understand what it means to be male, female, Black, WhiteRead MoreThe Bluest Eyes By Toni Morrison951 Words   |  4 PagesSociety’s perception of women is based on certain characteristics; Toni Morrison demonstrates this through her characters. Claudia, the youngest character, represents innocence that is conflicted between her own sensible judgment and what is expected of her. Pauline internalizes expectations, and lives accordingly, but lacks self-identity. Having no sense of self she finds herself seeking validation from those who should not affect her. The Bluest Eyes b y Toni Morrison focuses on the hardships thatRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society1240 Words   |  5 Pagesenhanced to appear to be exceptionally more flawless than they actually are. The standard of body shape that the media presents influences how people view themselves, and can possibly lead to long term health issues. The â€Å"perfect body† is most commonly viewed as a thinner figure with a defined waist. No one ever said that women were made to fit into this mold of the perfect body. The social media has created a standard of beauty that consists of the â€Å"perfect body†. Most famous people fit into this standard

Dirty Facts About Writing an Apa Research Paper Uncovered

Dirty Facts About Writing an Apa Research Paper Uncovered Writing an Apa Research Paper Secrets That No One Else Knows About To protect against plagiarizing work, it's possible to ask a customized writer to provide a helping hand. Our writers are going to be happy to supply you with a helping hand! To assist a writer to reveal their prowess skills in writing. Individual academic disciplines frequently have specific methods for using sources, so it's helpful to read some scholarship inside your discipline to learn its writing conventions before beginning to write. Social sciences like psychology, on the flip side, utilize a method named American Psychological Association which may also be known as APA. Research papers are designed to demonstrate a student's academic understanding of a subject. The sorts of entries are different in various fields, so please, be sure that you look up the APA website for additional inquiries. There's no period at the conclusion of the list of keywords. Based on your professor's directives, you might be asked to incorporate a quick list of keywords to allow researchers and databases to find your paper more effectively. Becoming academically successful isn't an easy job. Generally, whether quoting or paraphrasing, you are going to want to introduce the source. If you are searching for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. If you are able to locate an essay associated with your subject, you can rewrite it to accelerate the procedure. There are a number of essay writing services that think they're the very best, and therefore don't be cheated and check the legitimate collection of the very best. The whole text needs to be double-spaced. The framework of the way to write research papers have turned into the most distinguishable portion of each formatting standard. It's also awkward to read! Learn how to prevent copying by means of a synonym method and other effective tricks when composing your work. Writing an Apa Research Paper - the Story The APA is among the most influential associations of professional psychologists on the planet, including specialists from america and Canada, along with associate members from some other countries. If you're writing the abstract for a class, you may want to consult your instructor to find out if he or she has a parti cular word count in mind. For some of them you will require help, while others you are able to write by yourself. Some students can never appear to get things turned in in time. Keep in mind that the very first line of an abstract isn't indented. The format of your abstract also is dependent upon the kind of paper you're writing. While the abstract will be at the start of your paper, it needs to be the previous section that you write. In accordance with the APA style, a great abstract should be between 150 and 250 words, despite the fact that this can change depending upon your professor's instructions or the specific publication. Well, the most important thing about APA paper is the way by which information is referenced. Explain briefly the key points you want to cover in your paper and why readers ought to be interested in your topic. In the debut, explain the importance of the analysis within the paper. The outcomes of your research paper has to be compared to the outcomes of previous researches. Then write the abstract part of your paper only after you're completely finished writing your paper. Even in the event the conclusion of a research paper is the previous part, it is not simple writing it. You should discover enough secondary and primary credible sources on the topic of your paper, carefully read all them, and find relevant proof to support your thesis. Introducing Writing an Apa Research Paper Observe using parallelism Parallelism refers to using successive verbal constructions in a particular sentence that matches the grammatical structure. Use quotation marks in case you can't do without a particular sentence. All your headings have to be equal in significance or importance of one another. Now you have to make sure to produce your other headings and sub-headings have verbs inside them. New Step by Step Roadmap for Writing an Apa Research Paper Before you begin y our essay or research paper, you should get familiar with some overall APA rules. You're writing an academic paper but that doesn't mean that you need to be boring. Whenever there are a couple of books or articles by precisely the same author, repeat the name of the author in every entry. If your topic is too broad, your research paper is not likely to be successful because it is going to resemble an overall overview. Writing an Apa Research Paper - Dead or Alive? Thus, it's wise to begin with an outline. You might also see course outline. You might also see presentation outline. Making an APA outline is the very first matter to do in developing a structure on what is going to be written in the paper and the way it's written. Correct all errors which you can spot and enhance the total caliber of the paper to the best of your ability. It's essential to note, first, that sources are employed in a range of ways based on the writing situation. It's extremely important to rea d carefully essay services reviews, because you wish to prevent low excellent services. Take advantage of these examples as a guide when picking the key ideas in your paper. APA writing style has these, which means you have to understand them and adhere to them. The abstract may be quite brief, but it's so essential that the official APA style manual identifies it as the most significant paragraph in your whole paper. If your instructor provides you with the APA guidelines then fantastic for you. APA style recommends your title isn't any more than 12 words in length.

Benjamin Franklin, Our Renaissance Man free essay sample

Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 17, 1706. He was one of the seventeen children of Franklin, a soap maker. Josephs second wife, Blah Folder mothered young Benjamin. As a child, Benjamin loved to read and at twelve years of age was apprenticed to his older brother, James, who was a . The family decided this would be best for young Benjamin after his father could only afford one year of studies In clergy for his son.In Benjamin franklins wisdom In his era of living only when he was fifteen he created a fictional character Silence Do-good and wrote dally letters In regard to advice and criticisms toward the town. In 1729, Franklin purchased, printed, and contributed the Pennsylvania Gazette. This would be the first paper to print a political cartoon. Soon after, Franklin established the Junta, a group of men dedicated to politics and literature and soon became extremely sociable. We will write a custom essay sample on Benjamin Franklin, Our Renaissance Man? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Franklin soon began his next work. The Poor Richards Almanac. The Poor Richards Almanac was a series of weather reports, homilies, and witty anecdotes compiled for a poor farmer to help support he and his wife. Benjamin work was once again the talk of the town. In the late , Ben arranged projects to clean up and repair Philadelphia. This established the first Library Company in 1731. Franklins discovery of electricity acquired international fame. As he progressed in these studies of electricity and writing, Franklin also acquired a love for politics; achieving the position of representing Pennsylvania, Georgia, New Jersey and Massachusetts.Franklin was elected to the Second Continental Congress and worked on a committee to write the Declaration of Independence. Franklin is mainly knowledge for his contribution because of his ambassadorship to France. The French loved him for his incredible wit and was also loved by the women. Thanks to Franklin, The French signed a Treaty Of Alliance in 1778 and also Signed the Treaty of Paris after the Americans had won the Revolution.After returning to America, he became President of the Executive Council of Pennsylvania and served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention; signing the Constitution as well as an anti-slavery treaty In 1789. In his many career as a printer, moralist, essayist, civic leader, scientist, Inventor, statesman, diplomat, and philosopher, Benjamin Franklin Became both a spokesman and a model for the national character of later generations of Americans. An example of a famous quote of Ben Franklins would be this very famous one. Have you somewhat to do tomorrow, do It today. Benjamin Franklin made this statement. It could be Interpreted In many different ways depending on how you look at It. Some people see It as though you never know what tomorrow holds. So If you have time to do what that you have to do tomorrow today, then you should go ahead and get It one. Now Benjamin Franklin was a believer in god and wrote many Christian based novels, but as for being our renaissance man, I think not.For one he was a Bible thumper. By that I mean he was a creature who had no strong hold on his way of life. Died and no longer than a few months later he was out for other women and prostitution. Benjamin Franklin was a good thinker who did invent some necessities of our everyday life, but he was a shallow person. Also, he was born and lived after the Renaissance, unless were talking about the renaissance of America.

Oedipus Essays (502 words) - Antigone, Civil Disobedience, Creon

Oedipus Just as it was with Oedipus, Creon is also a victim of his own arrogance. To say he is a victim is somewhat gracious, but he is after all, human. Arrogance being a chief means of suffering throughout these plays, it continued its role in the third episode via Creon. But of course, he doesn't realize the destruction in the making until it is too late. Not only does he lose the respect of his country, but he also loses his wife and his son. Obviously, he isnot the only victim, but he is the source. The conflict between Creon and Antigone is significant in that it shows just how pompous Creon really is. He is under the impression that he has the right to establish such edicts as those that restrict someone from honouring a family member. It is clear to many of his poeple, and even to the guards of the body, as the sentry mentions at one point, that Antigone has not done such a horrible thing. Also, Antigone brings up the fact that what she has done is not unlawful as far as the gods are concerned, which to many of Creon's own poeple, is the rule of all. This does not, by any means, help Creon in acquiring the respect and support of his country. On accord of this conflict with Antigone, Creon is faced with another problem, his son. Haemon can see something that Creon cannot and that is Creon's overbearing pride. A number of times he begs with his father to reconsider Antigone's punishment of death, but he has no effect on him. At one point he says this to Creon, Don't entrench yourself in your opinion as if everyone else was wrong (pg222). A very valid point because Creon has been so stubborn that he cannot see that others have logic in what they have said and done. Creon will still have none of it because after all, he is king and he knows what is best for his country. In the ending complications, he loses his son. His wife is the next thing to exhaust. She held Creon as being a double filicidal killer (pg 250) and apparently no longer wants to be a witness to whatever else he is going to do. She labels him as the source of her own death, as well. This is where something finally clicks with Creon and for the first time he has a moment to mourn for his own repugnant actions and the consequences that came with them. Finally, he understands that he is nothing but a rash weak foolish man (pg 252). This entire play is quite the example of cause and effect, one loss led to another, all of which was caused by Creon's insolence. But he was after all, doing what was best for his country. A 'selfless' act that was really anything but. His pride was the undoing of his whole world and the play ends on a tragic note. For him, it's hard to eat my words but harder still to court catastrophe through overriding pride (pg240). Maybe sometimes you need to compromise. Mythology Essays

Comparison of Bao Ninhs book The Sorrow of War and Oliver Stones film Heaven and Earth essays

Comparison of Bao Ninh's book The Sorrow of War and Oliver Stones film Heaven and Earth essays War has always been destructive, both of land and people. The war in Vietnam was no different, and the testimony of the people that lived it makes the events memorable and tragic. In later years the voice to speak for the people involved in the war changed, and so did the point of view. There is no longer just the American side of the story, the hardship that American soldiers went through or had to deal with on return home, but there is also the Vietnamese story, and in no way is these peoples story less dramatic or moving. Both Bao Ninh's book, The Sorrow of War, and Oliver Stones film Heaven and Earth deal with the war in Vietnam as a story told from the perspective of the Vietnamese. In doing so they offer a unique understanding of the people that were involved in the conflict on first bases, the people that lived and fought the war. Because of the media bias with regard to the Vietnam conflict, readers and movie goers world wide know about how the American's suffered in Vietnam and about how it's war veterans have trouble adjusting to life back home in the US. But the American's lost less than a million men in that war and their social institutions and infrastructure survived relatively the war relatively intact. The Vietnamese lost two million men, and their culture, society, landscape, and traditions were literally obliterated by the conflict. Yet their side of the story has seldom been told. Worse still, they have always been portrayed in the media as faceless "gooks", "Charlie", or "VC". Up un til a few years ago, it would have appeared that the Vietnamese participants in the conflict were people without an identity. 1 Bao Ninhs first novel is about his most influential life experience, the war in which he participated as a young man. Born in 1952, he served in the Glorious 27th Youth Brigade during the Vietnam war. Out of the five hundred youths who went to war...

Learn 600 of the Most Important English Nouns

Learn 600 of the Most Important English Nouns The 600 nouns in this list are part of Charles K. Ogdens compilation of 850 words, which he released in 1930 with the book Basic English: A General Introduction with Rules and Grammar. This list is an excellent starting point for building up vocabulary to converse fluently in English. While this list is helpful for a strong beginning, more advanced vocabulary building will help you improve your English.   400 General Nouns 1. account2. act4. adjustment5. advertisement6. agreement7. air8. amount9. amusement10. animal11. answer12. apparatus13. approval14. argument15. art16. attack17. attempt18. attention19. attraction20. authority21. back22. balance23. base24. behavior25. belief26. birth27. bit28. bite29. blood30. blow31. body32. brass33. bread34. breath35. brother36. building37. burn38. burst39. business40. butter41. canvas42. care43. cause44. chalk45. chance46. change47. cloth48. coal49. color50. comfort51. committee52. company53. comparison54. competition55. condition56. connection57. control58. cook59. copper60. copy61. cork62. copy63. cough64. country65. cover66. crack67. credit68. crime69. crush70. cry71. current72. curve73. damage74. danger75. daughter76. day77. death78. debt79. decision80. degree81. design82. desire83. destruction84. detail85. development86. digestion87. direction88. discovery89. discussion90. disease91. disgust92. distance93. distribution94. division95. doubt96. drink97. driving 98. dust99. earth100. edge 101. education102. effect103. end104. error105. event106. example107. exchange108. existence109. expansion110. experience111. expert112. fact113. fall114. family115. father116. fear117. feeling118. fiction119. field120. fight121. fire122. flame123. flight124. flower125. fold126. food127. force128. form129. friend130. front131. fruit132. glass133. gold134. government135. grain136. grass137. grip138. group139. growth140. guide141. harbor142. harmony143. hate144. hearing145. heat146. help147. history148. hole149. hope150. hour151. humor152. ice153. idea154. impulse155. increase156. industry157. ink158. insect159. instrument160. insurance161. interest162. invention163. iron164. jelly165. join166. journey167. judge168. jump169. kick170. kiss171. knowledge172. land173. language174. laugh175. low176. lead177. learning178. leather179. letter180. level181. lift182. light183. limit184. linen185. liquid186. list187. look188. loss189. love190. machine191. man192. manager193. mark194. market195. mass196. meal197. measure198. meat199. meeting200. memory 201. metal202. middle203. milk204. mind205. mine206. minute207. mist208. money209. month210. morning211. mother212. motion213. mountain214. move215. music216. name217. nation218. need219. news220. night221. noise222. note223. number224. observation225. offer226. oil227. operation228. opinion229. order230. organization231. ornament232. owner233. page234. pain235. paint236. paper237. part238. paste239. payment240. peace241. person242. place243. plant244. play245. pleasure246. point247. poison248. polish249. porter250. position251. powder252. power253. price254. print255. process256. produce257. profit258. property259. prose260. protest261. pull262. punishment263. purpose264. push265. quality266. question267. rain268. range269. rate270. ray271. reaction272. reading273. reason274. record275. regret276. relation277. religion278. representative279. request280. respect281. rest282. reward283. rhythm284. rice285. river286. road287. roll288. room289. rub290. rule291. run292. salt293. sand294. scale295. science296. sea297. seat298. secretary299. selection 300. self301. sense302. servant303. sex304. shade305. shake306. shame307. shock308. side309. sign310. silk311. silver312. sister313. size314. sky315. sleep316. slip317. slope318. smash319. smell320. smile321. smoke322. sneeze323. snow324. soap325. society326. son327. song328. sort329. sound330. soup331. space332. stage333. start334. statement335. steam336. steel337. step338. stitch339. stone340. stop341. story342. stretch343. structure344. substance345. sugar346. suggestion347. summer348. support349. surprise350. swim351. system352. talk353. taste354. tax355. teaching356. tendency357. test358. theory359. thing360. thought361. thunder362. time363. tin364. top365. touch366. trade367. transport368. trick369. trouble370. turn371. twist372. unit373. use374. value375. verse376. vessel377. view378. voice379. walk380. war381. wash382. waste383. water384. wave385. wax386. way387. weather388. week389. weight390. wind391. wine392. winter393. woman394. wood395. wool396. word397. work398. wound39 9. writing400. year 200 Specific Nouns 1. angle2. ant3. apple4. arch5. arm6. army7. baby8. bag9. ball10. band11. basin12. basket13. bath14. bed15. bee16. bell17. berry18. bird19. blade20. board21. boat22. bone23. book24. boot25. bottle26. box27. boy28. brain29. brake30. branch31. brick32. bridge33. brush34. bucket35. bulb36. button37. cake38. camera39. card40. carriage41. cart42. cat43. chain44. cheese45. chess46. chin47. church48. circle49. clock50. cloud51. coat52. collar53. comb54. cord55. cow56. cup57. curtain58. cushion59. dog60. door61. drain62. drawer63. dress64. drop65. ear66. egg67. engine68. eye69. face70. farm71. feather72. finger73. fish74. flag75. floor76. fly77. foot78. fork79. fowl80. frame81. garden82. girl83. glove84. goat85. gun86. hair87. hammer88. hand89. hat90. head91. heart92. hook93. horn94. horse95. hospital96. house97. island98. jewel99. kettle 100. key101. knee102. knife103. knot104. leaf105. leg106. library107. line108. lip109. lock110. map111. match112. monkey113. moon114. mouth115. muscle116. nail117. neck118. needle119. nerve120. net121. nose122. nut123. office124. orange125. oven126. parcel127. pen128. pencil129. picture130. pig131. pin132. pipe133. plane134. plate135. plough136. pocket137. pot138. potato139. prison140. pump141. rail142. rat143. receipt144. ring145. rod146. roof147. root148. sail149. school150. scissors151. screw152. seed153. sheep154. shelf155. ship156. shirt157. shoe158. skin159. skirt160. snake161. sock162. spade163. sponge164. spoon165. spring166. square167. stamp168. star169. station170. stem171. stick172. stocking173. stomach174. store175. street176. sun177. table178. tail179. thread180. throat181. thumb182. ticket183. toe184. tongue185. tooth186. town187. train188. tray189. tree190. trousers191. umbrella192. wall193. watch194. wheel195. whip196. whistle197. window198. wing199. wire200. worm

Economic Development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economic Development - Research Paper Example However not every policy makers and academicians have the same opinion regarding the contribution of the organization in the achievement of economic development. Thus this paper aims in studying the relation between the economic development and economic stability of a nation and the contribution of the IMF in achieving so. Meaning of economic development Economic development of a country means the process of increasing the per capita income as well as per capita output of a nation accompanied by the increase in the overall productivity and improvements in the techniques of production that will ultimately result in the increase in the well being of the overall society. There is considerable difference between economic growth and economic development of a nation though sometimes they are used synonymously. Growth of the economy of a country must precede as well as prompt the economic development of a particular nation. Therefore it can be said that economic growth accompanied by the st ructural transformation of a nation results in the economic development of the overall nation. Thus for the overall economic development of a nation, growth of the country’s economy is the necessary condition and the structural transformation forms the condition of sufficiency. ... These factors in simple words differentiate growth of an economy from the overall development of the same. Therefore for a proper definition of economic development it can be said that the structural, institutional and the qualitative changes that are needed in an society for expanding the capability and the potential of the same in the proper utilization of the scare economic resources of the country is reflected in the economic development of the country. The structural transformation if an economy imply the overall growth of the Gross Domestic Product of an economy contributed by the productive increase of the primary , the secondary and the tertiary sector of the economy and the relative contribution of each sector in the country’s total GDP. Moreover the degree of openness of an economy and the country’s dependence on foreign trade also encompasses the economic structure of the country. Therefore for development of an economy there is the requirement of a positive change in each of these variables with a long term impact on the economy that is fundamental. These changes in the structure of the economy is in need of changing, more specifically improving the poverty level of the country for the achievement of economic development. In case of economic development the increase in the economic well being of an individual as well as the society as a whole gets reflected in the changes in the living conditions of the society people with improved nutrition, improved health, improved housing facilities along with betterment in the education structure of the society that will impact on an overall upliftment of the society with flavors of metropolis.

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Operations Management - Essay Example Question 1 (b): When profit calculation is being done, it is important to take account of fixed costs especially when using TOC based initiatives. The concept of TOC relies on three most important elements i.e. Inventory, Operating expenses and Throughput (Choe and Herman, 2004 and Herroelen and Leus, 2005); all these three aspects need to be carefully monitored so that the production processes are enhanced and the output level of the organization increases. Throughput is described as sales revenue minus total variable costs; Inventory is defined as the amount of total money invested in the business which can be or is to be sold; and Operating expense is the amount of all non-variable costs that are associated in converting inventory into throughput. It is evident from the explanation of the three important elements of TOC based initiative that both types of costs are important when calculating the profit. The real profit amount is that one which is retained by the business after it covers its fixed and variable costs. From the table given in Question 1(a), it can be concluded that Fixed costs are important when calculating Net Income as it is the profit that is left when all the expenses are paid off by the company. The main fixed costs for any manufacturing concern like Hi-Fidelity Ltd. is the machinery that is used in the production processes and its cost needs to keep at a minimal level. Fixed cost constitute majority share of the cost and that is why it needs to be kept constant; if not constant, then it should not increase at an accelerating rate as well. Hence, in TOC based initiative, Fixed costs are the crucial part of profit calculation as they help in determining the Return on Sales so that the company can decide abou t the increase in sales required so that it is able to earn high Net Income in the long-run. Question 1 (c): It has been revealed by the studies of Bhardwaj, Gupta and Kanda (2010) and Godratt Institute (2009b) that the organizations that implement the concept of TOC require less time for initial improvement phase than that required in both lean management and six sigma methods. TOC concept allows the organizations to focus on one area in one time whereas the other continuous improvement processes require the professionals to keep on monitoring the systems to identify issues in other areas and they necessitate the need of continuous up gradation of the systems as well. The major benefit gained from the application of TOC based initiatives is that they manage the variations effectively rather than reduce them which differentiates TOC from lean and six sigma. TOC helps the organizations in saving time and managing the complete execution process properly. Since the main aim of the conc ept is to identify the constraint that is creating problem in the company’s production process, the next step is to resolve it so that the variation can be managed. The best aspect of TOC concept is that it follows a systematic approach which can be described as follows: 1. Identifying the starting conditions of the

Thomas Hart Benton Essay Example for Free

Thomas Hart Benton Essay Described by former U.S. President Harry Truman as the best painter in America, Thomas Hart Benton led a new art movement in the country in an era when modernism and abstract art were in vogue. Benton, the scion of a famous political family in Neosho, Missouri, is one of the widely recognized popular artists in the United States1.   Despite his diminutive five-feet three stature and fiery temper, Benton was a man of enormous talents for he was not just a painter; he was also a writer and a musician, and a man well versed in the issues of his time. Being the son of a lawyer and congressman, and the grandnephew of a senator, Bentons father wanted him to get involved in law or politics.   But young Benton showed early on remarkable skills in art, which his mother encouraged and supported.   Despite oppositions from his father, Benton pursued his artistic inclinations.   At a young age, he worked as a cartoonist for Joplin (Missouri) American in 1906. After that, he was sent to a military school by his father, but was later allowed to leave and study at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1907.   After two years, he left for further studies in the Academie Julien in Paris, where he met fellow North American artists like Stanton Macdonald-Wright, whose leaning towards synchromism influenced Bentons art.   While in Paris, works of Michelangelo and El Greco created lasting impact on Benton2. In Selden Rodmans Fighter and Artist article, he described Bentons life in Paris as the unhappiest in the artists career.   He didnt have an audience for his work and somehow lost the knack for making art a performance.   His mother came to Paris and brought Benton home with her, a move that proved fortunate for back in America, the artist found his art again. _____________ Mark M. Johnson, On the Road with Thomas Hart Benton: Images of a Changing America (1999): 17. Ibid, 19. Upon his return, Benton went to New York and continued painting.   He experimented and studied the arts of the old masters as well as various modern styles.   Before finding his niche in the world of art, Benton was generally considered a modernist who dabbled in modern approaches like Cezannism the use of repetitive, sensitive and exploratory brushstrokes, and Constructivism the use of industrial, angular approach with geometric abstraction3.   Among the modernist movements, he was particularly drawn towards synchromism, a painting technique that treats colors the same way a composer arranges notes in music with advancing and reducing hues.  Ã‚   This was in part through the influence of the modernist American painter, Macdonald-Wright, who Benton met in Paris and became his life-long friend. In 1919, he was employed as a draftsman for two years in the United States Navy, a move that significantly changed his style. During his navy stint, Bentons drawings and sketches were focused on realistic depictions of the work and life in shipyards4.   In his realist drawings, Benton found his medium, which he pursued with vigor throughout his life.   The Navy Art Collection has twenty-five of Thomas Hart Bentons works. After the Navy, Benton held a teaching post at New Yorks Chelsea Neighborhood Association, where he met his wife Rita Piacenza, an Italian immigrant who believed in his genius and remained with him until he died5. Bentons career shifted focus in 1924 when he went home to Missouri to reconcile with his dying father.   As a result of the talks he had with his father and other family friends, Bentons heart was filled with a desire to recapture the world he knew as a child. _____________ Greta Berman, Thomas Hart Benton. Art Journal 1990: 199 Barbara Herberholz, Thomas Hart Bentons home and studio, Arts Activities 2000: 40 Ibid, 40. 3 Regionalism Once he found the right medium for his art, Thomas Hart Benton embarked on a naturalistic and representational style of painting a school of art known today as Regionalism, a movement where the artist depicts what is around him, the things he knew and saw.   From then on, Benton branded himself an anti-modernist. As a Regionalist, Bentons subjects were often rural scenes from the Midwest whose themes were of self-preservation and hard work.   This change occurred at some point in Bentons life, but to pinpoint exactly when it happened is difficult. Benton enlarged the scope of his Regionalist art to include the working class.   The small farmer held the artists sympathy and was often portrayed in small-town scenes that speak of beauty coupled with melancholy and desperation.   According to Mark Johnson, the artist said in his autobiography that he looked on the United States as a group comprised of geographic and cultural regions with distinctive characteristics (20). Benton was unique in trying to record history through his works.   Like a historian, he wanted to capture and preserve the distinct traits of regional life in the country before technological advancements and modernization will lay claim on the America of his youth.   Benton was a visual witness at a time when the United States was transitioning from being an agricultural country to one that embraces industrialization. Bentons paintings were often done realistically in a down-to-earth style so that the ordinary people could understand their meanings; contrary to abstract art that requires in-depth analysis and interpretation.  Ã‚   He preferred for his works to be hanged in saloons for the common people to see and admire them (Johnson 20). 4 Rise to Fame Although Thomas Hart Benton became well known for his drawings, sketches, and easel paintings, it was in a different mode of expression that he attained fame and notoriety.   It was in his murals of tremendous proportions that Benton was catapulted to greatness, gaining him admirers and critics. How Benton became engrossed with murals of monumental scale can be attributed to a number of factors.   Bentons early life experiences included viewing of huge murals at federal government buildings in Washington D.C., where he spent a large part of his childhood. At some basic level, this seems to be the earliest foundation for his art6.   It could also be said that as a son of a political family, Benton had it in him to want to attract attention, a theory that is relatively weak.   When he studied art in Paris, he was once more struck by the magnificence of the works created by Michelangelo and El Greco through their tremendous size.   Through sheer size of an artwork, Benton discovered that viewers could be dazzled. Marianne Berardi discussed in an essay circumstantial and personal reasons that could have led Benson to pursue mural painting as a life long career.   One of these reasons was Bentons having read the illustrated copy of the History of the United States by J.A. Spencer, where he got the inspiration and the idea to express history through a modern language of form. But according to Berardi, the most likely reason for the artists decision to take up mural painting was the death of his father.   Benton alluded to this event in an autobiography he wrote in the years to come.   Colonel M.E. Benton became estranged from his eldest son over the latters choice of a career.   For more than a decade, they had very little communication.   Benton made peace with his ill and dying father in 1924.   Berardi cited Bentons 1938 memoir to support this. _____________ Mark M. Johnson, On the Road with Thomas Hart Benton: Images of a Changing America (1999): 19. 5 In his memoir, Benton described how the reminiscing talks he heard from his fathers friends gave him the desire to know more of the America he knew as a child and had forgotten as a result of his wanderings in the quest to gain more knowledge and experiences in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To make up for lost time, Benton traveled around the country to make sketches of things he saw and knew.   He visited places where he traveled with his father as a child.   Bentons sketches during these travels became his raw material for his murals. Bentons name became part of mainstream art by 1932 when he was asked to do a five-part series, the Arts of Life in America7 a depiction through murals of life in Indiana that were contributed to the 1933 Century of Progress Exhibition in Chicago, Illinois.   Benton wasnt paid for this work.   He only got reimbursement for his supplies.   Despite not getting paid for his labor, Benton benefited in different ways.   The murals caught the interests of people all around America due to Bentons representation of his subject using unflattering light.   Also, among his subjects was the controversial Ku Klux Klan in its finery. The murals occupied four huge wall panels and four around the ceiling8.   While the murals were about music, games, dance, and sports, they were also about regional diversity, unemployment, crime, and politics.   The murals were unveiled at the height of the Great Depression, giving them high social relevance.   In the treatment of his subjects, Benton showed informed understanding of his time.   This is not surprising given Bentons views and opinions regarding society and politics in America during that period. _____________ Greta Berman, Thomas Hart Benton. Art Journal 1990: 200 Matthew Baigell with Allen Kaufman, The Missouri Murals: Another Look at Benton, Art Journal 1977: 314-315. 6 His controversial murals cinched Bentons fame.   In fact, because of his work, he found himself in the 1934 cover page of Time magazine, first time that an artist was given such an honor.   From then on, Benton became the leading figure in the Regionalist Movement in American art. In a span of five years, from 1930 to 1935, Benton created four enormous mural paintings, usually using the egg tempera technique that produces smooth and matte surfaces. Bentons murals during this period were: America Today, commissioned in 1930 for the New School of Social Research; The Arts of Life in America, his most controversial murals for The Whitney Studio Club Mural, which was shown to the public in 1932; A Social History of Indiana, made for the State of Indianas pavilion at the 1933 Chicago Worlds Fair, and A Social History of Missouri, created between 1935 and 1936 for the House Lounge in the Missouri State Capitol Building, Jefferson City. Teaching Career The mural commission in 1935 for the House Lounge in the Missouri State, plus an art teaching position in the state decided Benton to leave the New York art scene, where heated artistic debacles abound9.  Ã‚   Thomas Hart Benton left New York, his residence for more than twenty years to take up a teaching position at the Kansas City Art Institute in Kansas City, Missouri.   This move was probably made to reconnect with the world of his childhood, where he left many years ago.   This also gave Benton more chances of seeing rural America, which was then giving way to modernization. _____________ Thomas Hart Benton Home and Studio State Historic Site, 27 May 27 2005, 20 Nov. 2007 http://www.mostateparks.com/benton/teachguide.htm 7 Bentons teaching career at the Art Institute ended when he was fired for making disparaging remarks about the influence of homosexuals in Kansas Citys art industry.   Despite the setback, Benton remained popular until the late 1940s when Abstract Expressionism became the new fashion and eclipsed Regionalism. After his teaching career ended, Benton gave mural painting his full attention.   He created murals in public buildings like the Missouri State Capitol and the Harry S. Truman presidential library in 1960.   The work he did for the former president became the foundation of a friendship that lasted throughout their lives. On Jan. 19, 1975, Benton was working on the mural The Sources of County music when he passed away due to a heart attack.   The great Regionalist artist died with a brush in hand at the age of 85.   His last painting hangs in Nashville, Tennessee unsigned. Paintings Bentons paintings generally display swirling bands of color, which speaks of synchromism, a technique adopted from the artists friend Macdonald-Wright, where hues of colors are parallel to the notes in harmonies.   The artists favorite paint and paint technique is egg tempera. _____________ Selden Rodman, Fighter and Artist, National Review 1989: 44-47 8 For his paintings, Bentons subjects are usually bold with strongly marked movements.   The colors or tone contrasts are often intense.   Bentons subjects are often disproportionate, making them look like caricatures.   Despite the elongation of shapes in some instances, I still see that the overall effect still looked harmonious and balanced.   The artist often uses shades of blue and yellow to create space.   Yellow sometimes gave the paintings a weathered look, and could sometimes encourage a viewer to engage in melancholia, just like the painting below. The Ballad of the Jealous Lover of Lone Green Valley, 1934, Oil Tempera Bentons painting called Persephone attracted a great deal of criticism particularly from women.   The figure probably offended some critics and many women because of the pubic hair that Benton painted for the first time.   This painting, done in 1939, marked Bentons break from his usual satiric and cartoon-like style.   The use of color is vibrant and expressive, while womanhood was depicted in a goddess-like manner. Murals Bentons murals were usually modeled using clay as a preparatory tool.   He initially overcame the difficulty of organizing a large number of figures in a linear space using vignettes.   To separate one panel from another, he used actual moldings to create boundaries for the scenes. But this technique proved cumbersome.   Benton developed a more organized visual ordering without the use of molding.   According to Berardi, Benton combined scenes by themes and utilized vertical posts to allow the eye some rest when moving across the canvas, a formal technique that Benton described fully in his Mechanics of Form Organization article.   Bentons murals that employed this solution include: American Historical Epic, The Arts of Life in America, and The Social History of Missouri. 10   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Just like in his paintings, Bentons subjects in his murals are also bold with strongly marked movements.   The colors are also strong.   In his murals, the overall composition dominates the objects to create a sense of space.   The sharp images and the caricature-like quality create memory recall even when viewed only once. Bentons works inspire only love and hate and no in-betweens.   For my part, I love Bentons work not only for the artists skill but also for their significance and historical value.   His works were not just figments of his imaginations, but were the result of extensive research and travels. Works Cited Baigell, Matthew, with Kaufman, Allen. The Missouri Murals: Another Look at Benton, Art Journal (1977): 314-315. Berardi, Marianne. Thomas Hart Benton. Traditional Fine Arts Organization, Inc. (2000). 20 Nov. 2007 http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/2aa/2aa573.htm Berman, Greta Berman. Thomas Hart Benton. Art Journal (1990): 199-201 Herberholz, Barbara. Thomas Hart Bentons home and studio. Arts Activities (2000): 40-49. Johnson, Mark M. On the Road with Thomas Hart Benton: Images of a Changing America. 1999: 17-50. Rodman, Selden. Fighter and Artist. National Review (1989): 44-47 Thomas Hart Benton Home and Studio State Historic Site, 27 May 27 2005, 20 Nov. 2007 http://www.mostateparks.com/benton/teachguide.htm

Benefits and Hazards of Immunizations Essay -- Science Scientific Pape

Benefits and Hazards of Immunizations Although science and technology have been very beneficial to us a lot of people are misinformed about its procedures. I myself am a bit fearful about how technologically advanced we're getting in such a short period of time, but this is because I don't understand science. I guess most people that fear science feel that way because of the horrible things that science may bring about. When reading Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" one begins to wonder what if scientists do create a monster and like Dr. Frankenstein did, can no longer undo the creation. It is actually a very scary thought. But then on the other end of the spectrum you have J. Michael Bishop who defends scientists against people's critiques. Bishop is correct in his argument that scientists have done great things. According to him, people begin to lose faith in science because they don't see results as fast as they would like to but as Bishop states research may take years and even then, there may not be a concrete answer. T he important thing is that they are working towards one and people should not expect miracles, they should allow scientists to do their work and only hope for a quick solution. When dealing with a situation of whether science has benefited or troubled the population we can talk about immunizations. Immunizations have saved many children's lives. The epidemic of polio is hardly heard of thanks to immunizations. Measles and chicken pox don't affect children half as much if they've had the immunizations either. So one can say that immunizations have been a benefit to the population because most, if not all, children in the United States have gotten the required vaccines and nearly all of them go away from the... ...ants everybody to get the vaccine, because as statistics show, the majority of the children are perfectly fine after immunizations. The problems that are arising with vaccines shouldn't be blamed on scientists, for they've come up with a solution to the mentioned illnesses. The problem may be in the way doctors are combining vaccines, or implementing them. Works Cited Bishop, J. Michael. "Enemies of Promise." The Presence of Others 3rd edition. Bedford/St. Martins, New York. (2000) : 237-243. Shelley, Mary. "Frankenstein." The Presence of Others 3rd edition. Bedford/St. Martins, New York. (2000) : 231-236. Schumacher, Karin. "Autism & Vaccines: A New Look At An Old Story." (2001). http://www.909shot.com/NVICSpecialReport.htm. (19 May 2001). Schumacher, Karin. "Diabetes Following MMR Shots." (2001). http://www.909shot.com/dicasee.htm. (19 May 2001). Benefits and Hazards of Immunizations Essay -- Science Scientific Pape Benefits and Hazards of Immunizations Although science and technology have been very beneficial to us a lot of people are misinformed about its procedures. I myself am a bit fearful about how technologically advanced we're getting in such a short period of time, but this is because I don't understand science. I guess most people that fear science feel that way because of the horrible things that science may bring about. When reading Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" one begins to wonder what if scientists do create a monster and like Dr. Frankenstein did, can no longer undo the creation. It is actually a very scary thought. But then on the other end of the spectrum you have J. Michael Bishop who defends scientists against people's critiques. Bishop is correct in his argument that scientists have done great things. According to him, people begin to lose faith in science because they don't see results as fast as they would like to but as Bishop states research may take years and even then, there may not be a concrete answer. T he important thing is that they are working towards one and people should not expect miracles, they should allow scientists to do their work and only hope for a quick solution. When dealing with a situation of whether science has benefited or troubled the population we can talk about immunizations. Immunizations have saved many children's lives. The epidemic of polio is hardly heard of thanks to immunizations. Measles and chicken pox don't affect children half as much if they've had the immunizations either. So one can say that immunizations have been a benefit to the population because most, if not all, children in the United States have gotten the required vaccines and nearly all of them go away from the... ...ants everybody to get the vaccine, because as statistics show, the majority of the children are perfectly fine after immunizations. The problems that are arising with vaccines shouldn't be blamed on scientists, for they've come up with a solution to the mentioned illnesses. The problem may be in the way doctors are combining vaccines, or implementing them. Works Cited Bishop, J. Michael. "Enemies of Promise." The Presence of Others 3rd edition. Bedford/St. Martins, New York. (2000) : 237-243. Shelley, Mary. "Frankenstein." The Presence of Others 3rd edition. Bedford/St. Martins, New York. (2000) : 231-236. Schumacher, Karin. "Autism & Vaccines: A New Look At An Old Story." (2001). http://www.909shot.com/NVICSpecialReport.htm. (19 May 2001). Schumacher, Karin. "Diabetes Following MMR Shots." (2001). http://www.909shot.com/dicasee.htm. (19 May 2001).

Paraguay Essay

Mushfika Chowdhury Ms. Vives Spanish Paraguay Paraguay is a country in South America. It is surrounded by Brazil, Argentina, and Bolivia. Most people know Paraguay as Paraguay, but the country s official name is Republic of Paraguay. In 2011 it has said that Paraguay has approximately a population of 6,568,290. Most people are living in the oriental region. The country’s official language is Spanish as well as Guarani. The oriental eastern region has hills, waterfalls, exotic plants and the forest.This region makes up 40 percent of Paraguay. This part of Paraguay receives a large amount of rainfall. The region known as occidental also known as Chaco, is made up of grass, course tropical reeds and stunned trees. Some of Paraguay’s natural resources include forest soil, minerals, and the rivers. The rivers are important because tis how most people in Paraguay communicate, it also provides fish. The main industry is farming livestock, cotton, cane, corn, soybeans, potatoe s, bananas, oranges, wheat, beans, tea and tobacco. That was the farming and food recourses of Paraguay.When it comes to the government and money there’s not that many similarities. Some of you may or may not know that the former president of Paraguay was Fernando Lugo (2008-2012). It wasn’t that many days ago that a new president for Paraguay was elected, his name is Mr. Franco. The currency used in Paraguay is Guarani. One dollar in the United States is 4,095. 58 Guarani. One Paraguay Guarani equals to 0. 0002442 cents in the U. S. You also might be wondering what type of government Paraguay has. Well its constitutional republic. I would also recommend you taking a camera if you ever go there, the sites and scenery is breathtaking.

Cultural-Adaptation Essay

The East African tribe ‘Maasai’ can be found in Kenya and certain parts of Tanzania. Their subsistence strategy has primarily been pastoral for several centuries. The Maasai herd cows, sheep and goats for a livelihood as they depend on the meat and milk for their survival. The Maasai are also semi-nomadic people, making them pastoral nomads (O’Neil 2). This helps them move from place to place, in search of better climatic and external conditions suitable for raising their herd animals. They constantly move to areas having greener pastures and adequate water to ensure that their livestock are healthier; it also facilitates grass growing back again in areas that have been grazed by cattle. Their choice of location would also depend upon other factors such as safety from predators such as lions. The Maasai do not construct permanent settlements as they are constantly on the move; they live in temporary dwellings that are simple to construct. The social structure of the Maasai has played a key role in preserving the tribe’s primary subsistence strategy as pastoral for centuries. The age-based social structure is quite fair and consistent as there is no discrimination based on caste or familial segregations. However, there are certain gender-based roles and customs within the tribe. The men are divided into the youths, the warriors also know as ‘moran’, and the elders. On the other hand, the young girls get married to warrior men, bear children and raise them; the women can also become elders after their bear four children. The youths become warriors around the â€Å"age of 13 to 17† and move to a different village, live in unsecure enclosures called ‘manyatta’ built by their mothers and eventually get married (Martin 7). It is the duty of the warriors to ensure that the tribe is safe and cattle are protected from predators. They are mentally conditioned as well as physically trained from a very young age to perform this duty. The Maasai women specialize in building houses from sticks, mud and cow dung. This helps the tribe to move from place to place easily and sustain their semi-nomadic way of life. The Maasai men also build thorn fences to keep their cattle safe in enclosures. The elders are supposed to impart wisdom and live passive lives, as the responsibilities and duties of the tribe pass over to the next generation of warriors. The authority figure in their social system is a person known as laibon, roughly translated as ’medicine man’; the ‘laibon’ also fills the religious needs of the tribe and practices shamanism for healing. This uniform socio-cultural structure lends stability and contributes to the subsistence of the Maasai way of life, as there is very little room for rebellion within the group. Many aboriginal cultures around the world are going through transition due to modernization and the Maasai are no exception to this rule. Urbanization had led to the Maasai being confined to smaller areas, thus threatening their way of life. To cope with these changes, a small segment of the tribe has recently changed its subsistence strategy to agriculture, fishing and taking menial jobs in urbanized areas. The tourism industry promoted by the government has compelled certain Maasai tribes to diverge away from their self-sufficient lifestyle and act as showpieces for tourists (Akama 717). However, the Maasai still retain certain aspects of their cultural identify such as speaking a language called ‘Maa’ and wearing a red cloth called the ‘shuka’; they also pierce their earlobes and adorn large metal earrings. Despite the influence of the modern world, a large segment of the Maasai tribe is still quite self-sufficient as they produce their own food from cattle and take care of other needs such as shelter and medicine. Works Cited Page Akama, John. Marginalization of the Maasai in Kenya. Annals of Tourism Research, Volume 26, Number 3, July 1999. Martin, Marlene. Society-MASAI. The Center for Social Anthropology and Computing. June 14, 2009, O’Neil, Dennis. (2007). Patterns of Subsistence: Pastoralism. Palomar College. June 14, 2009,

out of africa essays

out of africa essays The story is about a Danish girl, her name is Karen Blixen who went to Africa after she married with Baron. In Africa and more precisely in Kenya she started to run a coffee-farm. But its failure in 1931 caused her to return to Denmark. Baroness Karen Blixen spent 17 years in Africa. Karen began the coffee-farm with her husband, and continued to oversee the farm even after she separated in 1925. Th e farm was an unprofitable venture. Blixen shares her experiences in her book. actually she is not like all the other colonists. She helps the Kikoejoes, they are the native population Ngong Hills. When the children are sick she helps them and she gives them medicines. Kamante is her cook and he his a native child. Kamante is her cook because one day Karen helped him whit a disease . Denys is a friend of Karen, he liked to her a story tolded . Denys lived in her house between safari. He was a good friend. Denys also had a plane and from time to time Karen flew with him over Africa. When Karen left Africa she had to say goodbye to a lot of peoples. E everybody liked her. She was a friendly girl and when she was in Denmark she received letters from her friend sin Kenya. It is not a book like an other. Karen describes her surroundings -Africa's people, she pays careful attention to detail. I have chosen this book because I have lived in Africa for 11 years and while I was reading the book I recognised a lot of things. I knew what she was talking about. It looked so familiar to me. ...

How to Get Your CDL in Kentucky and North Dakota

How to Get Your CDL in Kentucky and North Dakota This article is useful for anyone who wants to apply for a CDL in Kentucky or North Dakota. If you want to learn about getting a CDL in other states, please refer to this comprehensive guide on getting a CDL in all states. KentuckyThe following drivers must obtain a CDL:Class A CDLAny combination of vehicles with a GCWR (the loaded weight of a combination vehicle) of 26,001+ pounds, provided the GVWR(the loaded weight of a single vehicle)  of the vehicle(s) being towed is 10,000+ pounds.Class B CDLAny single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ poundsAny vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ pounds pulling a vehicle with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less.A single vehicle designed to transport 16+ passengers (including the driver), if the GVWR is 26,001+ pounds or more.Class C CDLAny vehicle with a GVWR of less than 26,001 pounds transporting hazardous materials for which placarding is requiredAny vehicle transporting 16+ passengers, including the driver, with a GVWR of less than 26,001 poundsA CD L cannot be issued until an applicant provides:A copy of the CDL applicationA legible copy of both front and back of a  DOT medical cardA CDL Self Certification form certifying the desired vehicle  type.The above information must be forwarded to the Division of Driver Licensing and posted to the driver’s CDLIS record prior to applying for issuance of a CDL/CLP at the circuit court clerk’s office.All applicants must then pass a knowledge test (written or oral) and a vision test.Knowledge TestApplicants must take an exam testing basic knowledge of the vehicle or vehicles they will operate. A score of 80% is required to pass.After passing, a CDL instruction permit will then be issued which is valid for six months. The permit must be held for 14 days prior to a skills test being administered.Skills/Road TestDrivers will be required to take this test in the class of vehicle they intend to drive. The test includes a pre-trip inspection, basic control skills maneuvering, and road skills driving tests. The applicant will be required to provide a vehicle for testing and must be accompanied by   a licensed driver for that vehicle.North DakotaThe following drivers must obtain a CDL:Class A CDLAny combination of vehicles with a GCWR (the loaded weight of a combination vehicle) of 26,001+ pounds, provided the GVWR(the loaded weight of a single vehicle)  of the vehicle(s) being towed is 10,000+ pounds.Class B CDLAny single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ poundsAny vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ pounds pulling a vehicle with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less.Class C CDLAny vehicle with a GVWR of less than 26,001 pounds transporting hazardous materials for which placarding is requiredAny vehicle transporting 16+ passengers, including the driver, with a GVWR of less than 26,001 poundsCDL RequirementsYou must:Be 21 years old to cross state linesBe 18-20 years old to apply for an intra-state CDLBe 16 years old to  test for a CDL restricted to custom harvesti ng operations onlyRead, write and speak English.Meet all Federal Medical Requirements in 49 CFR 391Once you meet all requirements, you must pass the required knowledge test(s) for the CDL Class you seek  and purchase a  Commercial Learners Permit (CLP). Before testing, you must  present your:Current North Dakota Driver LicenseProof of legal presenceProof of residence addressProof of passing an eye examinationFinally, you must demonstrate your ability to operate your desired vehicle by passing a road test. A road test cannot be scheduled without a valid CLP.

Annotated Bibliography on Education Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

On Education - Annotated Bibliography Example The topics of self-esteem, moral development, cultural influences, peer relation, and family influence are all addressed as they pertain to this development of self-concept. Also some of the issues that may arise in any one of these categories are addressed as they may negatively impact this curtail developmental stage in an adolescence life. This book generally covers the psychological view of the stages of development, but it is written from an educational perspective, so they add in many relevant topics and solutions to aid educators in their pursuit of knowledge and growth. This source is very useful in giving a more clinical approach to the study of adolescent behavior and how outside influences can affect or alter psychological development. This source is very comparable to the other sources listed in that it comes from an educational point of view. However, it does have a slightly less emotional, more factual approach, which could prove useful in crediting my essay. I feel the information written in this book is very reliable, and all facts, concepts written are based on credited, sited works. I also do not feel that this source is biased. It is a source based on information, not emotion. The goal of this source is to inform the reader of the different stages of development. Laura E. Berk, is a distinguished professor of psychology at Illinois State University, where she teaches human development to both undergraduate and graduate students. She has a doctoral degree in early childhood development and education. from the University of Chicago. This bo ok was very helpful in aiding me in my search for information on how issues such as community, prejudices, and cultural acceptance affects the youth of our society. It helped to shape my argument by giving me factual, relevant information on ways one’s acceptance into society and by peers, especially at this age, can affect the entire well being and person one becomes. I can use the facts given in this source to aid the development of my argument and the credibility of my essay. This source did not change my initial outlook on the topic, it did, however, give me useful information in developing my ideas. Bode, Patty, and Sonia Nieto. Affirming Diversity: The SocioPolitical Context of Multicultural Education. 5th ed. Boston. Allyon & Bacon, Inc., 2008. Print. This books looks at the necessity and benefits of a multicultural education for all students. It is intended for both current and soon to be teachers. It discusses the topics of how personal, social, political, cultural, and educational factors affect whether a student succeeds or fails in the classroom. It uses several case studies to demonstrate how the issues discussed in this book have played out in a real classroom. With the goal of this book being to enlighten the reader on how diversity affects students in today’s classroom I found it very informative for my research topic. Being that this is a reliable source, with an objective based approach, I found it very comparable to the other sources listed in this bibliography. The primary goal of this source was to inform, not persuade the reader on diversity in the classroom. The authors, Patty Bode and Sonia Nieto, are both well known, reputable publishers and active in the educational community. Patty Bode is a director of education at

Summary of New Cardiovascular Drug Article Essay

Summary of New Cardiovascular Drug Article - Essay Example This is a disease of the cardiovascular system and the heart in particular. The physiological system under discussion in this article is the cardiovascular system. In general, the cardiovascular system is the main element that is concerned with the transportation of substances around the body and hence enhancing the exchange process. Substances like nutrients wastes, gases- oxygen and carbon dioxide are passed across the cells and the cell function is sustained (Marieb & Hoehn 2007). The cells form the body tissues while the tissues constitute organs and organs form the organ systems. The heart is cone shaped and lies on the side of the diaphragm inclined to the right side (shoulder) and having the widest part upwards. Its about the size of a fist roughly 9cm in width and 12 cm long. The muscles provide the force of pumping blood as it's the biological pump pericardium covers the whole heart. Heart muscles are specially designed for the pumping purpose and are called cardiac muscles. The muscles are striated and connected to form almost one block termed syncytium. The heart is divided into right and left chambers and further into two auricles and two ventricles. Ventricles pump blood outside the heart and heart valves direct their flow (Marieb & Hoehn 2007). Cardiovascular system also includes the blood

Does Robert Bruce deserve to be remembered as a great Scottish king Essay - 3

Does Robert Bruce deserve to be remembered as a great Scottish king - Essay Example When Wallace was defeated, Bruce became the custodian of Scotland ruling it with Comyn but they later fell out. Robert Bruce was later excommunicated and banished from Scotland, leading to his exile in modern day Northern Ireland. However, Robert Bruce returned and waged a successful war against the English and their rulers, whereby at the Battle of Bannockburn, he defeated the English army that was under the command of Edward II. After this, the Declaration of Independence was made at Arbroath that made Scotland be recognized as an independent nation with Robert Bruce as the king of Scotland. Robert Bruce is considered one of the greatest kings in the history of Scotland as he led them to many victories against their enemies. This king was born of Norman and Celtic ancestries and led the Scots to most of the wars against the English, especially under King Edward I. Notable amongst his many victories is the victory achieved under his rule at Bannockburn in the year 1314, which culminated in the freedom of the Scots from English rule (Brown 2008, p. 1). Due to the supremacy of the English forces over their northern Scottish neighbours, the Scots were continuously humiliated in wars and battles over resources and territories. However, with the rise in the nationalist fervour amongst the Scots under the leadership of Robert Bruce, the English were defeated at the Battle of Bannockburn, which marked an important defining moment for Scotland and an evaluation of the greatness of Robert Bruce as a leader. The Battle of Bannockburn is considered the highlight of the greatness of Robert Bruce as a great and exceptional leader in the history of Scotland as he led Scottish forces to a major defeat against the English troops (Spiers 2011, p. 7). As at 1313, Robert Bruce had demanded that the remnants of the Balliol regime acknowledge him as the absolute king of the Scotland as well as surrender their

Human Behavior Is Unpredictable Management Essay

Human Behavior Is Unpredictable Management Essay This research sought to find out the gaps that exist in the Karatina University Colleges performance management system and to come up with recommendations for adjustments that will put the institution on a path towards continuous performance improvement. The objective of the study was to determine how the institution conducts performance appraisal, the main challenges faced in the appraisal process, and the best practices that it can adopt for the process. Literature review was conducted on the subject touching on the various aspect of performance management. The study was conducted using a survey research design. Primary data was collected using self-administered questionnaires with supplements of secondary data used to add efficacy to the results. The questionnaires were administered on randomly chosen members of faculty in the common School of Business Staff room. Descriptive statistics were used including percentages and frequencies. The results were presented in tables in the an alysis for each objective. Human behavior is unpredictable and differs among individuals or even on the same individual at different points in time (Hunt, 2007). Human beings also differ in their abilities, background, training and experience. At the same time, Dr. Nigel Hunt notes that many problems facing most organizations today are social rather than technical or economic. It therefore goes that human resource at work is the most important component of the undertaking. It is therefore very important for organizations to measure performance of this critical resource as doing so ensures organisational success. 10 Performance Management (PM) has recently dominated the Human Resource Management (HR) as a profession owing to the realization that HR is the one of the most potent source of competitiveness in todays operating environment. Insights into performance management by leading thinkers in the recent past (Armstrong, 2009) point to the emergence of Performance Management as the most viable solution to address the productivity lag in most industries. Performance Management is a branch of human resource management whose objective is to support employees in their struggle to attain their goals as well as those of the organisation (Bhattacharyya, 2006). Bhattacharyya explains that PM gained prominence in the 1960s when competition in the operating environment led firms to reexamine their internal operating efficiencies to survive. A difficult operating environment coupled with a desire for productivity led firms to emphasize on productivity of not only their machines but also their human resource. Armstrong (2009) explains that Performance management as a term emerged in the 1970s and was later gained prominence in the 1980s as a distinct discipline within human resource management. Presently, most organizations have embraced performance management as a pillar of productivity in the organisation. As Abbey (2007) describes, performance management has taken prominence in organizations as a vehicle to deliver on organisational and indi vidual performance objectives. Abbey emphasizes that the incorporation of individual objectives into the performance management paradigm made performance management distinct from mere performance appraisal. Performance appraisal emphasized the degree of accomplishment of a given individual by supervisors without seeking the active involvement of the employee in the process (Management Study Guide, 2012). Measuring employee performance therefore goes beyond staff appraisal to include other aspects of performance such as learning and development, talent management and culture change as key contributors to organisational productivity (Armstrong, 2009). Performance management provides the only tool with which the management can evaluate departmental/sectional contributions to the overall organizational performance as well as determine the best options for intervention. For effective achievement of organizational objectives, employees must know what needs to be done and the overall objectives of the organisation (Dransfield, 2000). Besides the knowledge of the overall organizational objectives, individual employees must have knowledge of their particular role within the broader organisational setting. This way, and as Dransfield (2000) notes, all the players in the organizational production chain share a common objective and pull towards the same direction. This is particularly important in that it harnesses organisational synergies in pursuit of a common goal and aligns daily activities within an organization to the overall strategic objectives. Performance management is done to compare relative variations in performance over time for organizations. Output from performance management process is also used for comparison with similar industries or benchmarks and establishing basis for corrective action (Management Study Guide, 2012). The nature of organizational power structure means that senior management cannot keep a direct watch over the performance of the subordinates and therefore a self-corrective process has to be initiates to assess their performance against objectives of the organizations. Performance management also inculcates the culture of sticking to organisational objectives and ignoring the activities that do not add value to the organisational value chain (Management Study Guide, 2012). Though it is impossible to forestall all management challenges, performance management helps the management take steps in advance to improve organizational capacity to deal with unexpected situations The Management Study Guide website details the evolution of performance management as a discipline within the wider human resource management in four phases. The first phase involved filling of annual confidential reports to control employee behavior. Career development was pegged on positive evaluation in the annual confidential report. The second phase entailed communication of the contents of annual report to the employees to correct the identified failings. The last phase involved replacement of the annual confidential reports by performance appraisal process where employees could rate their accomplishment annually. Today, performance appraisals have given way to performance management. The process entails performing continuous reviews based on mutually agreed objectives. The focus of performance appraisal is quantifiable objectives behaviors and values as opposed to employee traits (Management Study Guide, 2012). Appraisal processes are more of directive than participative thus stifling team effort (Leung and White, 2004). The output from performance appraisal is not directly linked to pay as was for the performance appraisals process. Guest, D E et al, (1996) aptly described performance management process as concerned with assumptions, expectations, mutual obligations and promises of employees and the organization. With the continuous change in operating environment, businesses have leveraged on human resource as their basis of obtaining and maintaining competitive advantage (Bhattacharyya, 2006). However, appraisal processes misses the crucial aspects that sustain a firms competitiveness as earlier describes including the wider strategic framework within which the organization operates. A system that emphasizes on employee mentorship and development as opposed to remuneration and disciplinary action enhances organizational output (Tripathi Reddy, 2008). Performance Management requires continuous output by in time for action to be taken. Panagar (2009) explains that employees are disappointed when annual appraisals bring negative feedback and do not point to the areas of improvements that an employee needs to focus on. He offers that participative evaluation in performance management contextualize the management to the working environment and challenges them to facilitate positive change for achievement of objectives. Continuous and balanced feedback enhances coordination and cooperation in organizations (Heskett, 2006). Besides, Heskett cites that employees achievements should be emphasized as opposed to dwelling on areas of improvement to encourage them to do more. Human behavior is unpredictable and differs among individuals or even on the same individual at different points in time (Hunt, 2007). Human beings also differ in their abilities, background, training and experience. At the same time, Dr. Nigel Hunt notes that many problems facing most organizations today are social rather than technical or economic. It therefore goes that human resource at work is the most important component of the undertaking. It is therefore very important for organizations to measure performance of this critical resource as doing so ensures organisational success. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Upon appraising employees and provision of feedback, most organizations wait until the next planned appraisal exercise (Hunt, 2007). Hunt offers that performance management in most organisation stops at the employee evaluation process and mostly after there is sufficient evidence pointing to non-performance. However, this defeats the main objective of the performance management process as an undertaking in aligning employees goals to goals to those of the organisation. This keeps the whole organization focus on its strategic objectives by harnessing collective efforts of its workers. Hunt states four issues that need to be taken into consideration in the performance management process namely following up to ensure achievement of targets, evaluating the entire process to ensure that it is appropriate and fair and do not foster conflict in the organisation. Observance of these four standpoints guarantees employee job satisfaction and continuous improvement in the organization. In most organizations, employees harbor qualms on the appraisal process (Shaddock, 2010). Shaddock attributes the negative perception to the use of appraisal results as evidence of poor performance instead of discussing performance with the employees to find common ground. The infrequent manner in which appraisal process is conducted adds to the subjectivity of the results as managers are more prone to conduct the exercise when performance is deteriorating (Tripathi Reddy, 2008). Tripathi and Reddy explain that the effect of these appraisal processes leave employees disillusioned and afraid to take risks leave alone accepting the fact that continuous improvement can enhance their success and by extension that of the organizational. As a result, employees lose their sense of control over the situation and resign to the directives of the management without their own insights. This contrasts with the new human resource management paradigm that emphasizes on mentorship, coaching and emp owerment (Dacri, 2006). 1.3 Purpose of the Study This research sought to find out the gaps that exist in the KUCs performance management system and to come up with recommendations for adjustments that will put the institution on a path towards continuous performance improvement. 1.4 Research Questions 1.4.1 How does KUC conduct performance appraisal? 1.4.2 What are the main challenges faced in the appraisal process? 1.4.3 What are the best practices that KUC can adopt for performance appraisals? 1.5 Significance of the Study 1.5.1 Human Resource Managers and Practitioners The head of human resource at the institution as well as others will get insights into the performance of their organizations and the best practices they can employ to achieve the best output from the human resource. The research will reveal insights on the frequency of performance appraisal and how best to achieve the desired results. Besides, the research will reveal the benefits of communication between the managers and employees. It will lead to clear understanding of job descriptions by the employees and better performance measurement. This will go a long way in boosting efficiency and effectiveness at the workplace. 1.5.2 Organizations The research will emphasize the role of performance management process in the achievement of strategic objectives of the organization. It will also enlighten the employees on their role in the organisation as well as the opportunities they have to advance boost their performance and by extension their careers. The research will particularly emphasize on the role of the performance management process on continuous improvements within the organization. This will position organization on a path to responsive change needed for survival in todays operating environment (Management Study Guide, 2012). 1.5.2 Employees The research will provide employees with an opportunity to evaluate their performance appraisal system and to suggest adjustments to align it with the organisational objectives. The employees will have an opportunity to express their desired outcomes of the performance management process that best serves the interests of both them and the organizations. Besides, the research will expose new areas that employees need training. Lastly, the employees will feel that the organisation is concerned about their welfare just as much as it is concerned about the performance of the organisation. 1.6 Scope of the Study The study was performed on a group of workers at Karatina University College. Data was collected on the month of February and March to reflect the current operational context of the organization. a review of literature was performed as well as secondary data on performance management concepts, the challenges faced and benefits that can accrues in evaluating an organizations performance. 1.7 Definition of Terms 1.7.1 Performance Appraisal Performance Management is an ongoing communication process, undertaken in partnership, between an employee and his or her immediate supervisor that involves establishing clear expectations and understanding of the functions expected of the employee and their contribution towards the achievement of the organizational goals (Robert Basal, 1999). 1.7.2 Performance Management Performance management refers to the proactive system of evaluating and providing feedback on employee output in line with the desired results. It aims at harmonizing employee and organisational objectives to achieve operational excellence (Management Study Guide, 2012). 1.7.3 Benchmarking Benchmarking is adopting best practices in the industry to guide organizational effort. It involves leaning from success of others (Peters, 2006). 1.7.4 Key performance Indicators These are performance measurement for key values necessary to achieve success in an undertaking (Reh, 2010). 1.8 Chapter Summary This chapter puts into perspective the concept of performance management and its application in modern day operating environment. The chapter defines the concept and differentiates it from performance appraisal as more elaborate and supportive of firms strategic objectives. The chapter also detailed the purpose of the study that was to find out the gaps that exist in the KUCs performance management system and to come up with recommendations for adjustments that will put the institution on a path towards continuous performance improvement. In this pursuit, the three research questions to be answered were identified and the population from which the sample was drawn. Lastly, the research lists the beneficiaries of the research including employees, human resource managers and organizations keen to gain competitiveness from their human resource. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Chapter 2 is a discussion on the various publications on the subject of performance management in line with the objectives of this research. The objectives of this research was to find out how performance appraisal is conducted, establish the main challenges faced in the appraisal process and identification of the best practices that KUC can adopt for performance appraisals. 2.2 The process of Performance Appraisal 2.2.1 Performance Appraisal explained Performance appraisal is a periodic assessment of employee performance and productivity line with the objectives of the organization (Manasa Reddy, 2009). Results of the process are used to gauge employees accomplishments as well as their potential for future improvements. Performance appraisal is done annually with the feedback used to counsel and develop employees, identify their training needs and align the compensation structures within the organisation (Manasa Reddy, 2009). Performance appraisal differs from performance management in that the earlier is carried out on a top-down basis with the supervisor acting as the judge with minimal employee involvement (Management Study Guide, 2012). Grote (2002) rightfully stated that the objective of the performance appraisal was to value each employees contribution against his rewards and take corrective action if the disparity is large. For this reason, performance appraisal was done on an annual or biannual basis depending on the particular entity. On the contrary, performance management focuses on the mutual objectives set by the employees and the management through a dialogue process (Management Study Guide, 2012). It is done continually and focuses on quantifiable objectives, behaviors and values (Management Study Guide, 2012). It thus leaves no room for subjectivity of the supervisor and aims at determining the points of improvements available to both the employer an employee. Performance management dates back to the early 20th century when Fredrick Taylor equated employees compensation to their output at work (Vroom, 1990). In those times, appraisal was less formal than it is today and involved the aspect of units produced per given time (Lyster, Eteoklis Arthur, 2007). ***** offers that performance appraisal is a mere step within the wider performance management paradigm. He notes that performance appraisal is an objective analysis of the facts and not the person. After getting the results of performance appraisal exercise, the wider process of performance management moves a step towards the final goal of aligning organisational and employees goals. According to ***, positive results are celebrated while negative results should prompt development of an improvement plan. Performance appraisal uses a number of methods including graphic rating, ranking, behavioral anchored rating and management by objectives (Cokins, 2009). Cokins explains that the choice of the method used for appraisal depends on the goals of the organizations. Zaffron and Steve (2009) add that regardless of the method used, regular communication and feedback from the managers is essential for success of the appraisal process. That way, work teams in an organization feel that they are working towards a common goal (Grote, 2002). 2.2.2 Purpose of Performance Evaluation. Heskett (2006) attributes the negative perception of performance appraisal among employees to the general lack of understanding about the purpose of appraisal. The Management Study Guide (2012) details out that performance management helps in defining responsibilities of both the individual and the team in the Key Result Areas. That way, coordination and control among the various departments in an organization becomes easy. The Management Study Guide notes that knowledge of responsibilities enables the employees to take initiative and work towards their set targets while improving their areas of weakness. This is as affirmed by Daniels (2006) that an objective and participative performance management process fosters learning and continuous improvement as opposed to breeding animosity. Performance management cultivates a feeling of shared mutual accountabilities within an organization (Shepard, 2005). This way, Sheppard notes that employees are able to overcome resistance to change and are ready to improve on KRAs. Leahy (2003) who offered that effective performance management anchors other operational metrics like the balanced scorecard has supported the views. Effective performance management is crucial in motivating employees (Akrani, 2011). Akrani notes that performance management starts with employees setting goals that they intend to achieve over a given period. The employee assesses what he/she has done against the set targets. Given that the employer and the supervisor mutually set the targets for performance, the employee strives to reach the set targets (Akrani, 2011). Performance below the set standard is taken as an opportunity to improve as it is within the employees capacity to achieve. Beach (2007) explains that the employees give up trying if they feel that the set targets will not be achieved. Since the performance management entails mutual goal setting, such incidences are unlikely to occur. Instead, and as Akrani points out, performance management helps organizations determine the training and capacities for each of their employees. Gamble, Strickland and Thompson (2007) explain that data obtained from performance appraisal is crucial in determining the right people to execute organizational strategy. Employees with the highest performance are easily identified and encouraged to undertake roles that are more challenging. In most cases, results from performance appraisals are used in the determination of employee compensation (Heathfield, n.d) a fact that Kirby (2005) detests. Appraisals are used to determine compensation and promotion levels that assist in linking rewards to performance among the staff (Heathfield, n.d). However, appraisals on their own should not be used as basis for promotions and rewards (Kirby, 2005). Given that the main goal of performance management process is to assist employees in setting goals and aligning them to those of the organization, it is crucial for performance and rewards framework be aligned to this process as opposed to mere performance appraisal (Lyster, Eteoklis Arthur, 2 007). Lastly, performance appraisals play a huge part in shaping behaviors and attitudes of employees (Panager, 2009). Panager notes that employees relate well with the management and are responsive to the changing demands of their workplace. This is consistent with the Conaty and Ram (2011) assertion that human resource is the strongest catalyst or inhibitor of organisational change efforts. Performance management helps an organization to gauge its human resources effectiveness in coping with change (Conaty Ram, 2011). 2.2.3 Common Performance Appraisal Practices. The most common performance appraisal practice involves ranking employees from the best to the worst (Griffin, 2007). The method is mainly subjective with the supervisors judgment being crucial in the ranking of each employee. This subjective approach exposes the process to bias and manipulation by the management. Lunenburg Ornstein (2011) offer that ranking involves the supervisor rating each employee based on employees traits and behaviors in comparison with the rest in the organisation. Despite its subjective nature, ranking gives a clear picture of employee performance relative to the rest of the employees within the organisation and offers them real models that they can follow within the organisation (Coens, Jenkins Block, 2002). However, Griffin (2007) offers that ranking method is prone to bias and can result in poor relationships within work teams. Besides, ranking stifles the opportunity for feedback within an organization and sows a feeling of inferiority among underachie vers (Coens, Jenkins Block, 2002). In the same way, Coens, Jenkins and Block note that persons who are consistently ranked on top of the rest lack an opportunity to improve on their performance as they feel they have done enough. Lastly, Beach (2007) explains that ranking creates an adversarial relationship between work teams that stifles the spirit of cooperation between employees. Paired comparison resembles ranking method only that the performance of each employee is compared to that of every other employee based on a single criterion (Mondy, 2008). If an employee receives the highest number of favorable comparisons, s/he is ranked the highest. The process is more objective compared to the ranking method but poses huge problems for organizations with large numbers of employees (Mondy, 2008). Another performance appraisal system commonly used in organizations is the graphic rating scale. Under the system, evaluators judge performance of employees on a scale of about 5-7 categories (Mondy, 2008). These categories depict the rating of the employees by use of appropriate adjectives such as needs improvement, outstanding, average, meets expectations etc. The method is good in that it can be quantified by assigning numeric values to the descriptors. It is also easy to administer and can be tailored to meet specific needs of a given organization (Mondy, 2008). Under the forced distribution method, the evaluator assigns individuals to a limited number of categories, similar to the normal frequency distribution curve. Few individuals get very high ratings while a few get very low ratings. Most of the employees rate at the center of the curve (Armstroong, 2009). Mathis and Jackson (2011) decry that this system explicitly calls for evaluators to distinguish between winners and losers even if their performance is not rightly so. For this reason, the method is unpopular among managers and employees as it stifles the concept of employee development and assumes that there must always be very good and very poor performers in the same organisation (Mathis Jackson, 2011). It also creates cutthroat competition among employees that disarrays synergy (Beach, 2007). Another employee appraisal technique is called critical incident method. Under the method, the evaluator maintains records of favorable and unfavorable performance during critical incidences (Mondy, 2008). These incident log records are maintained continually and are used as indicators of employee performance. Ostrom and Wilhelmsen (2012) explain that this method lacks intellectual merit as it is dependent on the frequency of occurrence of critical incidences. Behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS) is an appraisal technique that aspects of critical incident method and the rating scale method (Mondy, 2008). Under the method, the performance level of each employee is described on a scale. The evaluator then compares the different performance of each employee to decide the best performing and those in need of more training. Mondy offers that this system is more objective but is hard to quantify for further analysis. One of the most common performance appraisal methods today is referred to as Management by Objective (MBO). Mathis and Jackson (2011) and Mondy (2008) define the method as a result based system under which the employees and managers set objectives together that form the basis of appraisal in the next appraisal period. The employee actual output is compared to the set performance targets and points of improvements identified (Griffin, 2007). Management by objectives arises allows management to see the wider picture of the organsaitional and the part that each employee plays in it and to remain on curse to achieving the overall strategic objectives of the firm (Drucker, 1954). Employees also conduct a self-audit of their performance potential and chart out the best course for attaining the mutually agreed goals (Pecora, Cherin Bruce, 2009). 2.3.4 Frequency of Performance Appraisals. In most organizations, employees and their supervisors deliberate on their performance over a given period typically annually, biannually or quarterly (Garber, 2004). Tripathi and Reddy (2008) list two major forms of performance appraisal namely summative and formative. They explain that a summative performance is done occasionally typically in three to six months relative to the organization in question. On the contrary, formative appraisal is done continually typically daily. Formative appraisals are important in that the employees can track their performance over time and determine their weak points for improvement. This is as opposed to summative appraisals under which employees have no trail of their past performance (Management Study Guide, 2012). Many scholars emphasis on the need to perform appraisals based on a schedule (Miller Braswell, 2010; London, 2003; Mathis Jackson, 2011). Routine performance appraisal avoids the temptation of focusing on irrelevant activities (London, 2003). That said, the management is responsible for ensuring continuous performance appraisal taking care not to forget critical incidences (Miller Braswell, 2010). Though appraisal is done continually according to the set schedule, it is important for the managers and subordinates to sustain informal communication throughout the performance period to take advantage of any opportunity to change negative trend (Edwards et.al, 2003). Edwards et al also cites the preemption of negative surprises at the end of an appraisal period as good reasons for maintenance of these informal contacts. Abbey (2007) notes that in most organizations, appraisal forms are used to capture employees accomplishment in the past year as well as some aspects such as their rela tionships with team members, their personality traits and flexibility, etc. 2.3 Challenges are faced in Performance Appraisal process Most organizations experience challenges in their appraisal processes. Deming (2000) once cited that performance appraisal is one of the most powerful inhibitor to quality and productivity. More recently, Lee (2006) offered that performance appraisals inspire hate and distrust among employees. Challenges in performance appraisal occur from the fact that the processes are based on widely held and invalid assumptions that hold back progress (Scholtes, 2008). Lee aptly described the processes as designed to measure and rate performance as opposed to improve it. Past research works (DeNisi Williams, 1988; Longenecker et al., 1987) cite subjectivity among the evaluators as well as different standards used for different employees as major problems in appraisal process. More recently, Lee (2006) cited lack of congruence with organizational objectives as well as lack of use of the results to improve performance. Lee adds that the results of performance appraisal should be used to motivate employees as opposed to instill fear and loathing as to stifle the spirit of teamwork. Hazard, (2004) and Nickols (2010) explain that performance appraisal demotivates the employees, is too subjective and unfair in application, and takes too much time and is seen as a management attempt to coerce employees to submit to management authority. 2.3.1 Employees Motivation Wilheir (2010) explains that motivation is the only effective tool for ensuring effective employee management. According to Wilheir employees, lose motivation when duties become repetitive, too difficult or too easy. The management should ensure that their employees remain motivated and productive throughout their engagement in the organization (Hazelden, 2010). Hazelden (2010) adds that the most common causes of employee demotivation include lack of information, unrealistic expectation by management, feeling of excessive control by authorities and lack of management appreciation of effort. Noone (2008) adds that to keep employees motivated, the management should develop clear goals and keep the roles interesting for the employees. That way, Noore asserts that employees are unlikely to deviate from the organisational mission. . Employee motivation is crucial to achieving the g