The Punishment Of The United States - 1669 Words

Inmate Christian Longo was convicted of the crimes he committed and he was on death row, he wrote an appeal to have his organs donated when he was executed, however he was denied. In an editorial by Longo put in the New York Times he said, â€Å"Eight years ago I was sentenced to death for the murders of my wife and three children. I am guilty. I once thought that I could fool others into believing this was not true. Failing that, I tried to convince myself that it didn’t matter. But, gradually, the enormity of what I did speeded in: that was followed by remorse and then a wish to make amends.† â€Å"I have asked to end my remaining appeals, and then donate my organs after my execution to those who need them. And yet, the prison authority’s response to my latest appeal to donate was this: ‘The interests of the public and condemned inmates are best served by denying the petition’.† Longo went on to tell â€Å"that there are more inmates on dea th row that wanted to do the same and that there was no valid reason as to why they could not, but they were all denied the opportunity (Christian Longo).† There is no reason why inmates shouldn’t be allowed to donate their organs if that is what they want to do, as stated earlier, inmates who die in prison should have to donate their organs if they are healthy organs and are positive matches to anyone on the donor transplant list. Longo and many others want to give their organs to save lives, why are people telling them no, just because they areShow MoreRelatedThe Punishment Of The United States877 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Fox News the United States was third in the world for highest executions which totaled twenty eight executions nation wide. Execution is a very costly method if you consider how we waste these resources to ridding society of dangerous and violent criminals and should be done away with, there are ways to protect society from violent criminals without resorting to execution. And besides who gives prisons or law enforcers the right kill? Who gives you the right to play God? Why do weRead MoreCapital Punishment Of The United States Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesIn our contemporary criminal justice system, capital punishment has been one of the most debated topic. Capital punishment is also known as the death penalty. It is a punishment by death of a person by the government, as a result of committing a vicious crime. The nature of the punishment raises a plethora of human-right case; therefore, it has led to its abolishment in many countries. In several countries, the ending of capital punishment against juveniles has been accomplished through enforcementRead MoreCapital Punishment Of The United States961 Words   |  4 Pages Capital Punishment in the United States For centuries, capital punishment has been used as a consequence of capital crime. Criminals who have committed such crimes are subject to facing the death penalty. Pickens shares, â€Å"Capital crimes are considered to be treason or terrorist attacks against the government, crimes against property when life is threatened, and crimes against a person that may include murder, assault, and robberyRead MoreCapital Punishment Of The United States1588 Words   |  7 Pages Capital punishment, also referred to as the death penalty, is the utmost form of punishment in the United States. It is the method of punishment by execution legally given to a criminal convicted of a crime. Capital punishment originated from many early societies, it is only imposed on people who have committed very serious crimes, and only five different execution types are currently used in the United States. The death penalty has been around for a while. The first death penalty laws date backRead MoreCapital Punishment : The United States928 Words   |  4 Pageswe near the culmination of the twentieth century, capital punishment is in decline. Once a near universal practice, the death penalty has been abolished in 101 countries, as of July 2015(Amnesty International, 2015) and executions have become less common amongst industrialised democracies. Some nations keep capital statutes for instances of exceptional crimes such as treason, but parts of the former Soviet Union, Japan and the United States of America (USA) still administer death sentences for ‘ordinary’Read MoreCapital Punishment Of The United States1152 Words   |  5 PagesRogerian Essay: Capital Punishment   Ã‚  Ã‚   There has been about 15,760 executions in the United States since 1700, (http://time.com/deathpenalty/), but that is counting all types of executions, for example: burning, firing squad, hanging, gas, electrocution, injection, and others. Now looking from when the capital punishment was approved in 1976 (Death penalty Information Center), only 1,448 executions have been made. The capital punishment was made for â€Å"retribution, theory which demand for ‘tooth forRead MoreCapital Punishment Of The United States964 Words   |  4 Pagesofficially formed by world countries against its use (Cole, 25). China, which is the most populous country in the world, leads as it executes thousands of inmates yearly. United States of America still practices it even when it is perceived the most democratic republic on earth. As of today, 84 countries in the world retain capital punishment (The Grinnell Literary Societies, 78). However, the number of nations using death penalty i s decreasing. With the recent pressure from different human rights watchRead MoreCapital Punishment Of The United States1495 Words   |  6 PagesCapital punishment in United States also titled as decease penalty, which is a permitted verdict in thirty one states and the American civilian and services lawful systems. Its application is restricted by the amendment of the eight to intensified killings committed by psychologically competent people. Capital punishment existed a consequence for numerous misdemeanors under English mutual regulation, and it was imposed in entire of the early US colonies preceding to the Declaration of IndependenceRead MoreCapital Punishment Of The United States2029 Words   |  9 Pages Capital punishment is one of the most debated topics in the history of the World. It has been implemented and repealed several times by several different countries (DPIC 2014). Capital punishment is the use of the death penalty on someone who has been found guilty of a cr ime. As of 2013 there are still 58 countries in the international community that still use the death penalty. Of those countries, China had the highest reported number of executions which was in the thousands, the next highest wasRead MoreCapital Punishment Of The United States2813 Words   |  12 Pages Capital Punishment in the United States Lacey Wilzbacher Princeton Community HS Capital Punishment in the United States Death Penalty also known as capital punishment is the harshest sentence that a criminal can receive from the court system for carrying out killings therefore one February 17, 2005 at 6 pm Cameron Todd Willingham was executed for the murder of his three children after serving twelve years in prison (Black s Law Dictionary Free 2nd Ed. and The Law Dictionary,

Modernism in “A passage to India” Free Essays

Modernism refers to a classification of literature that was written between 1914 and 1965.   E. M. We will write a custom essay sample on Modernism in â€Å"A passage to India† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Forster’s A Passage to India was published in 1924, placing it in the early years of the Modernist Period as well as within the Georgian Age (Harmon 597).   In art and literature, Modernism paralleled the rise of industrial technology and advances in science. In music, atonalism – that is, music which deliberately avoids key centers and is often dissonant – was produced by composers such as Arnold Schoenberg. Visual art found expression in cubism. Theories by Sigmund Freud also had a powerful influence on this movement. In literature, the Modernistic writing style is characterized by breaking with tradition.   It is inner-self oriented, and that inner-self is often explored using a stream of consciousness manner.   Modernism rejects traditional values and assumptions.   The individual takes pride of place while the social and outward are cast aside.   Some scholars see Modernism as a reaction to the practical and systematic sensibilities of Realism and Naturalism (Harmon 326). Not surprisingly, the Modern Era was also when Existentialism came into prominence – a related philosophy in which human beings are expected to create their own meaning for existence.   Forster’s â€Å"Oriental-leaning† characters in this novel provide examples of a Modernistic mindset contrasting with the traditional English Imperialist mindset provided by other characters. Forster uses the symbol of water to represent the idea of renewal in the â€Å"Temple† chapter. There is an event in which the Hindus are â€Å"preparing to throw God away† (Forster 308), and part of the ceremony involves a replica of the village of Gokul that is placed on a tray and is to perish.   Meanwhile, the British and others are in boats out in the water, observing the festivities, and the boats collide, expelling the passengers.   The symbolic village perishes so that it can be renewed, and is representative of the renewal of mindsets of some of the passengers in the boats. Aziz in particular in the latter portion of the â€Å"Temple† section, exhibits several examples of stream of consciousness thinking.   In one instance Fielding asks Aziz to meet with Stella and Ralph, and Aziz does not reply.   Instead, the reader is allowed into his thoughts, which are not linear but circular, and is one example of how a human mind jumps around from topic to feeling to emotion and back (Forster 314). Because Forster is examining traditional values through a Modernistic lens in this novel, material detail is much less important than what the characters are thinking.   The action in this story is in each character’s mind, and how they grapple with new ideas concerning culture, religion, and morality. Professor Godbole and Mrs. Moore express their inner character and the workings of their minds in an â€Å"Oriental† manner, embodied in the Hindu sensibility.   Mrs. Moore, although a Christian, is accepted into Oriental culture, and she clashes with Heaslop prior to Aziz’s trial.   Heaslop does not understand his mother because he does not recognize her spirituality, and he sides with the English Imperialist mindset against Aziz, the Oriental.   Mrs. Moore will have no part in helping her son succeed to the detriment of an Oriental.   She ultimately leaves India and the trial (Forster 201). In A Passage to India, Forster uses Modernism to explore the inclusive attitude of the â€Å"Oriental† and how diverse people make their passages in coming to terms with this sensibility.   Forster makes use of a Modernistic approach to help him tell a story with great depth, complexity and surprise. Works Cited Forster, E. M.   A Passage to India.   New York:   Harcourt, 1924. Harmon, William and C. High Holman.   A Handbook to Literature. 7th ed.   Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:   Prentice Hall, 1996.    How to cite Modernism in â€Å"A passage to India†, Essay examples

Business Ethics for Hospitality Voluntourism

Question: Discuss about the Business Ethics for Hospitality for Voluntourism. Answer: Introduction Voluntourism means volunteering ones time, capability and energy with an organization, problem or cause to help make a difference in troubled communities around the world as a part of your vacation package. In last few years, voluntourism has become a new way of travelling which is slowly becoming extremely popular around the world (Germann, 2015). However, with growing popularity, the concept has also faced several criticisms. One of such criticism is ethical concerns in voluntourism that have been raised over the past quarter century. This issue mostly includes problems related to power dynamics involved, sensible collision of the work and the encouragement of the impact of the perspectives of those involved. On the other hand, both the organizations that are utilizing volunteers and participants working as volunteers face different types of ethical dilemmas (McLennan, 2014). This essay will focus on those ethical dilemmas faced by the organizations and the volunteers, in terms of voluntourism. Organizations Facing Ethical Dilemma When using Volunteers Ethics is the method by which values and principles are altered into action. Ethical values deliver the resolution maker with a means of shaping what is right versus what is wrong. The field of volunteer management, just like other professional fields, has formed a number of its own codes of ethical performance. For example, in the United States of America, the Association for Volunteer Administration (2006) has advised some core ethical values for the people who are responsible for directing and motivating volunteers. In Canada, the British Columbia Hospice Palliative Care Association (2007) has established a standard for ethical attitude of volunteers in hospice programs. All of these ethical principles are providing admirable and proper standards of actions (Stone Olson, 2016). Therefore, ethical dilemma for the organizations utilizing volunteers does not occur while stating ethical principles, but occur while practically applying them. For organizations that are using volunteers, ethical dilemmas can arise in a variety of ways such as, Dissimilar ethical values that are held by several parties who are involved in the same condition Conflicts exist among the ethical values held by each volunteer Grey areas of explanation subsist within ethical principles Some examples of such difficulties are hereby mentioned below. Relationship between client and volunteers: Boundary issue faced by the organizations in volunteer programs arises from the good relationship that a volunteer establishes with the clients. When these relationships work well, then volunteers offer to do more for the client than in stated in the assignment description of the volunteer. This can include personal services such as shopping, repair works and cleaning services (Trau, 2015). In this situation, the ethical dilemma for the organization or volunteer service manager is to decide whether the volunteer program has the right to intrude in personal activities of the volunteer or not. The questions arises does the volunteer program have the right or obligation to say the volunteer that such activities are not permitted? On the other hand, if the volunteer is told to carry out only those responsibilities stated in the assignment description, then client might feel offended. Relationship between staff and volunteers: Another ethical dilemma that the organizations face is whether they stay loyal with the paid employees or to the volunteers. Besides, another ethical issue arises while setting up working time limit for the volunteers. Volunteers mostly undertake a number of different roles (Nelson, 2017). They also offer their services over a number of days that allows them to become more skilled and flexible. Therefore, organizations will like to have them working for the projects as much as possible. Here the question arises how many hours are too many for a volunteer? An organization might want to use its volunteers for 6 hours a day. However, the same volunteers might want to work for 4 hours only. Disagreement with the volunteer: It I obvious that volunteers will become more experienced with time and will start to develop more options about how clients must be treated. Therefore, they might decide to resolve the issues of the clients based on their own experience and by neglecting the guidance of the organization (Rodell et al., 2016). They will even provide suggestions for alternative arrangements to fulfill a particular duty. Ethical Dilemma of Participants as Volunteers The investigation of ethical dilemmas around the participation of volunteers in organizations includes both Consequentialist and Dentological perspectives. Consequentialism mostly focuses on the results on an individuals actions where Dentology finds out whether the actions are right or wrong. An organization will always think about the consequences of the actions taken by the volunteers (Forbes Zampelli, 2014). However, volunteers will be more concerned about whether an action taken was the right thing to do in the circumstances. In this context, some major ethical issues faced by the volunteers are hereby mentioned below. Volunteers feel confused about their roles and boundaries as the actions they should take in a situation might not be supported by their organizations. They work in the space between the patient and the organization. Therefore, they are expected to balance the demands of both the parties which are a difficult thing to do (Song et al., 2015). In some situations they are forced to select either the requirement of the patient or the rules of the organization. Volunteers most the times face ethical dilemmas while deciding whether their loyalty is with the patient or with the organization they are working with. Volunteers always have better information about a patient and his family situation than the organization. Therefore, they understand what actions must be taken. Sometimes those actions go beyond the rules and regulations of the company (Stukas et al., 2016). In this situation, the volunteers face ethical dilemmas as they cannot decide whether they should take actions as per their experience or as per rules and regulations of the organization. Most of the volunteers face ethical issues if their capabilities and experiences are not recognized or valued by the organization. They also face ethical problems if their personal ethics, beliefs and values are not respected by the other staff members. Volunteers in voluntourism also face some other ethical dilemmas which are hereby mentioned below. Privacy of patient information: In voluntourism, each volunteer program has its own rules and regulations related to confidentiality of client information. Volunteers most of the times follow these rules and regulations. However, in the case of small communities where external personal relationships are all-pervasive, following these rules is very difficult (Schwarz, 2016). Volunteers who are given the responsibility to assist personal clients will be asked by their friends and neighbors (also the friends and neighbors of the patient) about the condition of the patient. In this situation, the volunteers face ethical dilemma as they want to follow organizational assessment of fortification of the privacy of the patients and want to fulfill the societal value of sharing information about members of the community. Loyalty to the client versus the volunteer program: High level of volunteer motivation can facilitate strange behavior and attitude by the volunteers. This strange behavior moistly related to loyalty towards the patient versus the organization or volunteer program (Smith, 2015). In volunteer programs, policies are always mentioned to guide a volunteer through his activities. While providing his assistance, a volunteer, most of the times face an ethical dilemma about whether they must fulfill the interests of the clients or the interests of the volunteer program. This conflict can come into a number of ways such as, It is possible that a client has expressed a wish for support that is not within the limitations of tolerable service as distinct in the volunteer program. However, in this situation, the volunteer wants to help the patient. Volunteer program includes rules and regulations that allow a volunteer to report abusive behavior by the client. However, most of the times, volunteers ignore to report such behaviors out of affection for the client (Forbes Zampelli, 2014). This can create problems for the next volunteer who will support the same patient when the first volunteer will leave. Volunteers also face an ethical dilemma while determining whether they have greater loyalty to the client or to the family members of the client when wishes of these parties conflict with each other. Conclusion In the end, it can be concluded that there are several ethical dilemmas that trouble both the organizations and volunteers in different ways. These ethical problems must be addressed properly. If these ethical problems are ignored, it will negatively affect the clients and their care. In most of the situation, it is seen that volunteers are going beyond their limitations but only to provide better services to the clients. Therefore, while making rules and regulations related to voluntourism, the organizations will have to consider these incidents. If the managers of volunteer program are facing ethical dilemmas about the volunteers, then they must directly communicate with the volunteers to find out a proper solution. Organizations can openly explore, address and respect differences between their thinking and the thinking of volunteers which will boost the experiences of the clients. References Forbes, K. F., Zampelli, E. M. (2014). Volunteerism: The influences of social, religious, and human capital.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,43(2), 227-253. Germann Molz, J. (2015). Giving back, doing good, feeling global: The affective flows of family voluntourism.Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 0891241615610382. McLennan, S., 2014. Medical voluntourism in Honduras:Helpingthe poor?.Progress in Development Studies,14(2), pp.163-179. Nelson, R. L. (2017). The limits of cosmopolitanism: exchanges of knowledge in a Guatemalan volunteer programme.Tourism Recreation Research, 1-10. Rodell, J. B., Breitsohl, H., Schrder, M., Keating, D. J. (2016). Employee volunteering: A review and framework for future research.Journal of Management,42(1), 55-84. Schwarz, K. (2016).It's not voluntourism: unpacking young people's narrative claims to authenticity and differentiation in the international volunteer experience(Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge). Smith, M. (2015). The Cost of Volunteering: Consequences of Voluntourism. Song, X., Nie, L., Zhang, L., Akbari, M., Chua, T. S. (2015, August). Multiple social network learning and its application in volunteerism tendency prediction. InProceedings of the 38th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval(pp. 213-222). ACM. Stone, G. S., Olson, K. R. (2016). The ethics of medical volunteerism.Medical Clinics of North America,100(2), 237-246. Stukas, A. A., Snyder, M., Clary, E. G. (2016). Understanding and encouraging volunteerism and community involvement. Trau, A.M., 2015. Challenges and dilemmas of international development volunteering: a case study from Vanuatu.Development in Practice,25(1), pp.29-41. Young, R. (2016).Tie Up the Lion: An Insight Into Voluntourism. BookBaby.

Law Of Financial Institutions And Securities †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Law Of Financial Institutions And Securities. Answer: An Analysis of the Commercial Bank of Australia Money Laundering Case The Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA) has recently found itself in legal trouble after the Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre (AUSTRAC) brought a case in court against it over breach of anti-money laundering andfinancial terrorism laws (Knaus, 2017). The Bank allegedly failed to take necessary action where suspicions arose that its Intelligent Deposit Machines where being used as a vehicle by drug syndicates to launder money. According to the Anti-Money Laundering and Consumer-Terrorism Financing Act 2006, sections 41 and 43, reporting entities such as banks are required to make reports to the AUSTRAC where they believe suspicious transactions are underway or where deposits surpass set thresholds. AUSTRAC alleges that CBA breached these provisions my failing to or delaying reports on suspicious matters even when they had been alerted of investigations by police(White Adhikari, 2017). Further, it is alleged that the bank failed to adequately assess the risk of thei r systems against money laundering and financial terrorism thus making them susceptible to misuse(Eyers, 2010). The following is an analysis of the issues arising in the case study mentioned above with a focus on the role of AUSTRAC and the liability of CBA with regard to its monitoring systems. The Role of AUSTRAC The AUSTRAC is a statutory authority which takes the role of Australias anti-money laundering and counter terrorism financing regulator and specialist financial intelligence unit(AUSTRAC, 2009). Its major role is to ensure and supervise the compliance of financial service providers and other institutions that deal in financial services such as the gambling industry, designated remittance service providers and bullion sellers, with the provisions of the AMI/CTF Act 2006. By doing so, the body ensures transparency and promotes integrity within the Australian financial industry. Its duties can be encompassed in two major roles; the role of a regulator and the role of a financial intelligence unit. In its regulatory role, AUSTRAC is tasked with promoting the obligations of the AML/CTF Act by educating and reaching out to relevant organisations to ensure they understand and comply with the duties bestowed on them. In this role, AUSTRAC collects reports from the aforementioned organisation with regard to their compliance commitment as well as programs set in place and their effectiveness in preventing money laundering and finance terrorism. It further monitors compliance by setting in place assessment programs and where non-compliance is uncovered the body has enforcement powers to address it. The execution of this role is evidenced in the aforementioned case study; AUSTRAC required reports of suspicious matters from CBA as per the law. Further, it noted non-compliance and exercised its enforcement powers to institute a suit against the bank. Additionally, in fulfilment of its roles, it conducted an assessment of the CBA systems so as to uncover the failure in the systems with re gard to monitoring money laundering and financial terrorism activities. Additionally, in its intelligence role, the organisation is tasked with collecting and analysing financial intelligence which it gains through financial transaction reports. Reporting bodies are required to make reports of their transactions to AUSTRAC, the body analyses this information to determine compliance and highlight areas that require further action to prevent money laundering and financial terrorism. These analyses aid it in determining reporting bodies that have weak systems or have failed to comply with their statutory obligations in the war against money laundering. It is through this role that the body was able to highlight the alleged failures in CBAs systems that led to the laundering of millions of dollars obtained through drug trafficking. CBAs Monitoring Systems As highlighted in the case study, CBAs liability arises from their failure to report the suspicious transactions as well as failure to report transactions that were above the set threshold. According to the opinions provided as well as AUSTRACs allegations, the failure stems from lack of proper monitoring systems. According to the law, banks are required to have money laundering control officer to regularly assess potential risks in their systems(Sathye, 2017). However, the allegations purport that CBA failed to conduct a proper risk assessment of their Intelligent Deposit Machines which were ear marked as the vehicle for laundering activities. The machines allow for a deposit of up to twenty thousand dollars at a go; as per the Act, deposits above the threshold of ten thousand dollars should be reported to AUSTRAC. The body alleges that there is a significant number of instances where the bank either failed to make a report of delayed in the same. In essence, these allegations highl ight a failure in internal governance as the systems put in place were not administered accordingly. Conclusion In conclusion, CBA appears to have breached the provisions of the AML/CTF Act 2006 by failing to act on suspicious transactions and report transactions in excess of the threshold to AUSTRAC as required. Their failure highlights a failure in governance as well as breach of statutory duty as discussed above. Lamba versus Empire Bank Esther Guo: A Case Study Analysis on the Bank-Customer Relationship Lamba contracted Empire Bank Ltd for their financial services, that is, savings and credit card facilities. Having filled the necessary forms he was instructed that he would receive his cards and other documents via mail. While at the bank he decided to make inquires with regard to available investment options for an inheritance he had recently received from his father; he was directed to Esther Guo, the financial planner who promised to send recommendations via mail. A week later, Lamba was able to collect his cards via mail, however the post did not include any related documents or the recommendations from Esther as promised. Esther Guo however called him stating that she has passed on all his details to an acquaintance at Australian Managed Investment Ltd (AML) which specialises in investments in high risk gold mining projects; what she failed to disclose however was that she would get a commission for her referral to AML. The following discussion purposes to highlight the legal d uties owed by the bank and Esther to Lamba as a customer as well as the recourse available to Lamba if Esther or the bank breached these duties. Legal Obligations Owed to Lamba The relationship between banks or bankers and their customers is a contractual relationship governed by principles of common law, equity and statutory provisions such as those encompassed inconsumer protection laws (Wentworth, 2012). As such, as a contractual relationship, both parties are obligated to perform certain duties; the emphasis of this discourse will be the obligations of the bank to the customer. Firstly, banks are tasked with the duty of confidentiality or secrecy with regard to customer information; this is a commonlaw duty that has been observed for decades in the industry(Chaikin, 2011). In Tournier v National Provisional and Union Bank of England [1924] 1 KB 461, the English Court of Appeal observed that bankers are tasked with the implied obligation not to share customer information with third parties without the customers consent. In Australia, the application of this duty is limited to the extent that it promotes misleading or deceptive conduct contrary to the provisions of Australian Consumer Law (2010)(Tyree, 2005). In essence, in as far as reasonably applicable, Empire Bank Ltd as well as its employees is tasked with maintaining secrecy with regard to Lambas information; forwarding the information to AML amounts to a breach of this duty as the act was not in exercise of any other obligations that may limit the duty of secrecy. Secondly, banks and their agents are tasked with the duty to disclose; that is, where failure to disclose may lead to misleading or deceptive conduct. The concept of silence as an obligation was illustrated by Black CJ in Demagogue Pty Limited v Ramensky [1992] 39 FCR 31 at 32. Where a bank deliberately fails to disclose information, it could be held liable for breach of duty where the plaintiff or claimant can prove that withholding said information amounted to conduct that was deceptive or misleading under the provisions of the Australian Consumer Law (2010). In Miller Associates Insurance Broking Pty Ltd v MMW Australia Finance Ltd (2010) it was held that silence in a commercial setting could amount to misleading or deceptive conduct where circumstances avail an obligation to disclose. Therefore, although parties in commercial agreements cannot rely on section 18 of the Australian Consumer Law to shift their obligation to conduct due diligence(Geer, 2013), where circumstances ari se that bestow the duty to disclose, bankers can be held liable for breach. In the case study provided, Lamba had the duty to conduct due diligence with regard to the transactions undertaken with the bank in order to protect his interests. However, the engagement with AML by Esther creates an obligation to disclose, Esther was entitled to disclose to Lamba that she would benefit personally from the transaction. Her conduct was misleading and deceptive as she acted on her own interests and not those of Lamba or the bank. Further, a consumer is generally guaranteed that services offered, according to the Australian Consumer Law 2010, are to be provided with reasonable care and skill and within a reasonable time frame(ACCC, 2017); Lamba was to receive all documents and cards promised via mail within a few days. He however received them a week later, this may be considered a minor inconvenience as there was no time set for delivery; further delay could however amount to a breach of duty. It is important to note that Esther was acting as an agent of the Bank and in as far as Lamba is concerned her actions reflect the actions of the bank. Legal Actions Available to Lamba Having established the legal obligations owed to Lamba as a customer and the subsequent breach of these obligations, the following are the legal actions available to Lamba as recourse with regard to the existing contract. In Australia, consumers in the financial services industry can seek recourse from the Financial Ombudsman Service or the Credit Investments Ombudsman. The two bodies handle disputes arising between consumers and their financial service providers where they are concerned about a breach of law, industry code or practice or a failure to meet standards or good practice that amounts to unfair treatment(Credit Investments Ombudsman, 2017). Where a consumer is dissatisfied with the determination of these bodies, they can proceed to court for further recourse which may be by way of damages or prayers to rescind the contract. The main remedies available for breach of the duties above include damages and injunctions(Dechent, 2009). Lamba can apply for an injuction to stop AML from further use of his personal information to create an investment contract. Further, he can rely on the remedy of rescission under contract law to terminate the contract with the bank if he is of the view that the contract cannot proceed due to the magnitude of the breach. He can further sue for damages with regard to inconvenience caused by the conduct of Empire bank and Esther. Conclusion In conclusion, the relationship created between Lamba and the bank is a contractual one. The contract bestows certain obligations on both Lamba and the bank and in extension the banks employees who act as its agents herein. The legal obligations arising are stipulated in statute as well as under common law. They include the duty to secrecy or confidentiality, the duty to disclose in order to avoid misleading or deceptive conduct, and a reasonable duty of care in upholding its obligations. The discussion above has succeeded in ascertaining breach by the Esther as an agent of Empire Bank Ltd. She disclosed Lambas personal information to a third party AML without his knowledge or consent. Further she referred him to the investment entity without mentioning that she had vested interest in the transaction. Lamba can seek legal recourse against Esther and Empire Bank by way of rescission as well as damages. He can apply to court to have the contract rescinded on the grounds of misleading o r deceptive conduct as well as the breach of confidentiality and request damages for loses suffered. References ACCC, 2017. Consumers' rights and obligations. [Online] Available at: https://www.accc.gov.au/business/treating-customers-fairly/consumers-rights-obligations#consumer-guarantees-applying-to-services [Accessed 3 October 2017]. AUSTRAC, 2009. AUSTRAC Annual Report 2008-09, s.l.: AUSTRAC. Chaikin, D., 2011. Adapting the Qualifications to the Bankker's Common Law Duty of Confidentiality to Fight Transnational Crime. Sydney Law Review, Volume 33, pp. 265-294. Credit Investments Ombudsman, 2017. Complaint Resolution. [Online] Available at: https://www.cio.org.au/complaint-resolution/complaint-faqs.html [Accessed 3 October 2017]. Dechent, S., 2009. Liability for Misleading or Deceptive Conduct in the Banking Industry. The Finance Industry, Volume 11, pp. 27-33. Eyers, J., 2010. AUSTRAC allegations are jaw-dropping. The Australian Financial Review, 4 August, p. 13. Frost, J., 2017. CBA faces laundering rap. The Australian Financial Review, 8 August, p. 11. Geer, T., 2013. Misleading and deceptive conduct: be wary of the silences-limited protection for commercial parties under the ACL. [Online] Available at: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=030271ee-5e44-4c26-bc32-3eca7ca9abae [Accessed 3 October 2017]. Knaus, C., 2017. Commonwealth Bank accussed of Money Laundering and Terrorism-Financing Breaches. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/aug/03/commonwealth-bank-accused-of-money-laundering-and-terrorism-financing-breaches [Accessed 2 October 2017]. Miller Associates Insurance Broking Pty Ltd v BMW Australia Finance Ltd (2010) HCA 31. Sathye, M., 2017. CBA scandal raises questions of governance and regulatory failurer. The Australian, 7 August. Tournier v National Provisional and Union Bank of England (1924) 1 KB 461. Tyree, A. L., 2005. Implied Consent. [Online] Available at: https://www2.austlii.edu.au/~alan/bankers-references.html [Accessed 3 October 2017]. Tyree, A. L., 2005. Section 52 and the Banker's Duty of Confidentiality. [Online] Available at: https://www2.austlii.edu.au/~alan/secret.html [Accessed 3 October 2017]. Tyree, A. L., 2014. Banking Law in Australia. 8th ed. s.l.:Lexis Nexis Butterworths. Wentworth, E., 2012. Essential Banking Law and Practice, s.l.: Banking and Financial Services Ombudsman Ltd. White, A. Adhikari, S., 2017. Bank Faces Massive Fines Over Allegations: CBA 'failed on money laundering'. The Australian, 4 August, p. 19.

Book Reflective Essay Sample - Guide Students Through the Process of Writing An Essay

Book Reflective Essay Sample - Guide Students Through the Process of Writing An EssayUsing a book reflection essay as an example to guide your writing, it can be a great resource for students. It can be a wonderful way to work through the process of writing.There are lots of free reflection essay sample that you can use, and you might not have to pay for the materials. There are also many books that you can find and read. These books often contain excellent examples of essays.One thing to make sure is that you are not plagiarizing other authors. There are a lot of really good writers out there. You should look for books that have been around for a while, or even ones written by professional authors.Students who use a book to help them with their essay often don't realize that they can use the same book to help them. This is especially true if the book reflects your own experiences.One way to get a simple statement out of a book is to write a sentence. Make sure you don't make it too long though. You might make it too short, or you may end up trying to cram a lot of information into it.When you have finished your reflection essay, remember that the hardest part is waiting for it to be reviewed. This might take up a lot of your time, so make sure you give yourself plenty of time.You will also want to find a place where you can print out your essay and keep it for future reference. This is something that is very useful when you decide to go back to school. It is always a good idea to get feedback on your work before going into the classroom.

Ethical Audit Report of Tesco free essay sample

According to Mamoria (2010), business ethics is defined as the businessmans integrity so far as his conduct or behaviour is concerned in all fields of business as well as towards the society and other businesses. Thus, the conduct or behaviour by businessman towards the society or others may have some conflicts and contradictions. The intention of this report is to highlight what and why the incidents happened. The incidents include the employment of illegal workers, price fixing, and poor product quality. All these incidents tend to spoil the corporate’ image of the company and also bring harmful effect to the communities and other stakeholders. So, Tesco took action by compensating to the victims, restructured corporate management system for better performances, and provided training programme and learning course for the employee. The ethical theories applicable to Tesco include Ethics of Justice, Ethics of Duty, and Feminist Ethics, which will also be discussed in this report. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Audit Report of Tesco or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition, the organization’s best practices and values such as corporate social responsibility and protecting the environment will also be discussed for the close up of this report. 1. 1 Background of Tesco Tesco, one of the largest retailers in the world started its business in 1919. The Founder, Jack Cohen started a grocery stall in East End of London. He made a profit of ? 1 from sales of ? 4 on his first day. After 5 years, in 1924. Mr. Cohen bought a shipment of tea from Mr. T. E. Stockwell where the â€Å"Tesco† brand first appearance. Tesco expanded its business to petrol station in 1974, and became the UK’s largest independent petrol retailer. It generated a total sales topped ? 1bn and doubled up to ? 2bn in 1982. In order to overtake the UK’s leading grocer in 1990, Tesco made an aggressive marketing campaign to open more stores to gain its businesses. In 2000, Tesco continued to expand its business by product range from clothes to electrical and personal finance products when Tesco. com was launched (www. telegraph. co. uk). For more detail on its corporate background, kindly refer to Appendix I. 2. 0 Ethical Dilemmas Ethics in general and ethics in business are very intimate to one another. Therefore ones personal ethics cannot be completely separated from ones business or organizational ethics. If you are a man of principles, then you are more inclined to insist on high moral standards in your business and organizations (Gavai, 2010). No matter how strong the corporate policy and system, ethical dilemmas still exist as everyone is looking for their own interest. Tesco, one of the biggest retailers in worldwide also faces the same problems such as illegal workers, price fixing and poor product quality. . 1 Illegal Workers Tesco was caught for hiring 30 illegal workers who were foreign students at one of its warehouses. These students were from 11 different nationalities; mostly Bangladeshi and Indian origins were alleged for working up to 3? times longer than their allowed working hour in visa permit (www. visabureau. com). They worked as much as 50 hours extra than the allowed hours of 20 hours per week. This incident happened after the UK border Agency enforcement team visited their factory on July 2012 in Croydon (www. immigrationmatters. co. uk). The retailer took responsibilities by giving corporation to the investigation as they insisted they did not condone illegal working (www. telegraph. co. uk). Anyhow, employees were considered the victims in this incident as they had not been protected by the company’s employment rules, where they were forced to work for extra hours. They faced big losses such as inability to further education and having a work-life balance. Employer did not protect for employee welfare, they abused employee right to work extra which prompted to product high productivity, maximize the profit margin by saving cost of employee salary. Supplier played a key role in this scenario, as it was the only party to transform information between the employers and the employee while in the process of recruitment. In fact, there was wrong information sending either to the employer or the employee. 2. 2 Price Fixing Tesco was accused in the scandal of the pricing fixing on its dairy products such as cheese and milk. The consumers from the Office of Fair Trading in UK reported that Tesco had charged them an additional of approximately ? 270M between years 2002-2003. The huge amount was accumulated from 3 pence extra for a pint of milk, 15 penny extra for each quarter-pound of butter and the same amount per half-pound of cheese for every single purchased together with another 8 firms were implicated in the collusion (www. dailymail. co. uk). They were caught by breaching the competition act in synchronising the increased price with other competitors for certain dairy products. However, Tesco’s competitors had admitted and OFT had been given discount on the fined amount as they had given cooperation in the investigation. When the corporations did not practice fair competition which comply with the competition law, consumers were the victims because they did not protect in fair trading. This is clearly a strong violation of consumers’ rights (www. savistamagazine. com). Shareholders in the corporations basically earned extra profits in this scenario. Whereas, this practices was not encouraged as they must obey the corporate law which was stated in the Corporate Governance. Government department plays a key role in this embarrass scenario; their intention was to protect the consumers. Their penalty towards the corporations sent a clear signal to them not to violate consumers’ rights. In fact, families in UK suffering big loss of expensed extra for the daily goods in unknowingly. They should be protected under the fair trading policy which ensured them to trade in worthiness. 2. 3 Poor Product Quality Tesco also received a punishment from the Bracknell Magistrate Court for selling 127 outdated foods in the Martins Heron branch on May 2011. The foods included beef-burgers, ham and chocolate cheesecake. This incident happened when a girl fell sick after consuming chargrilled chicken pasta salad. This prompted Bracknell Forest Trading Standards officers to investigate the matter after receiving the complaint. The officers found that the foods had expired for 16 days during a visit to the store (www. getreading. co. uk). Trading Standards officers commented this matter as the â€Å"worst case of out-of- date product† that they had ever seen (www. mirror. co. uk). The irresponsible behavior acted by the management of Tesco was strongly affected to the public health. It also brought suffer to the consumers from physically and mentality. The shareholders were also facing lost when the management was careless in managing the stocks. Besides the above, Tesco was discovered for selling 100 expired food products which included yoghurts, fruit smoothies, soup, gravy, vegetable pakoras, packaged salad, pasta bowls, samosa and bhaji snack packs and guacomole dip. These items were past their sell-by-dated of between 1 to 17 days. The occurrence was engaged by a manager who had 20 years experience but his first time to manage the largest store chain, Tesco Extra. Shoppers had complaint about the poor problems to the Coventry City Council and the trading standards officers had proven the issues after their raids at the branch in Gielgud Way, Walsgrave in November 2009 (www. oventrytelegraph. net) 3. 0 Actions taken to solve these dilemmas According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, dilemmas are situations or problems where a person has to make a difficult choice; an ethical dilemma is a problem where a person has to choose between a moral and an immoral act (smallbusiness. chron. com). Dilemma occurrences in the workplace are common and action taken to solve them is very important, whereas theory of ethics can be applied as guidelines which may bring the moral decision. 3. 1 Reinforce in recruitment and management system Tesco was fined for a total of ? 15,000 by UK Border Agency (UKBA) for 23 students, of various nationalities who had breached the visa working terms (www. telegraph. co. uk). UKBA was reflecting UK government’s intention into act which has promised to overwhelm on visa abuse. The 23 individuals were not permitted to enter UK again (www. visabureau. com). The Britain’s biggest supermarket had ensured that the incident in this nature will never happen again. One of the executive had been laid off after the lacklustre performance (www. telegraph. co. uk). Tesco was a founder member of Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI). They searched employee with high standard by applying the ETI base code which included; no exploitation of child labour, working hours not exceeding (20 hours per week for foreign workers) and regular employment is provided (www. tesco. ie). However, the government had carried out a good job by taking serious action against any employers who had breached the visa working terms. After the fined it brought a â€Å"warning† to the competitors and simultaneously as a reminder to them to have good ethical practice while in competition. Nobody is allowed to breach the rules in order to obtain success in competition. In addition, after UKBA taken action against the employer, the rest employees will enjoy the benefits which to work in regularly, fair treated, feel protected and concerned by the government. Employer was ensured that the management system been improved after laid off an employee who made mistake. Employer was informed to put employee’s welfares as priority. 3. 2 Defending the rights Tesco was slapped with the fined of ? 10m for price-fixing of its dairy products by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) in 2011 after seven years of investigation. However, they threatened to fight back by taking legal action against OFT to defend themselves. The company claimed they were â€Å"surprised and dismayed† with the fined and strongly denied with any collusion in changing pricing detail with each other via the dairy processors. Tesco stand at its point vigorously and throughout the court. However, it had urged the government to deprive OFT of its power to investigate and punish firms under the competition act (www. mirror. co. uk). The intention of OFT was to alert the industries that the competition laws was enforced in ensuring the shopper in a fair trade condition. Hence, after the punishments were sent, it was ensure that the competition was maintained under the competition laws. Furthermore, competitors were only able to divulge information to each other via dairy suppliers. Suppliers were also not been honest in this incident. Suppliers did not bear responsibility of providing high quality products with reasonable prices where the consumers are able enjoy the benefits. Thus, suppliers being fined by the OFT were considered reasonable. No matter how the employer wanted to fight back with OFT, they had to pay the fine and settled it in the fastest way where to stop any embarrassing matters to affect their sales figure. At the same time, the costly and time consuming case might affect the expense of both taxpayer and business as well. So the fine paid has benefitted the consumers which bring fairness of their trading. 3. 3 Compensations After Tesco had admitted selling of outdated food, it was fined by the Bracknell Magistate Court for ? 12,000, and ? 15,000 in legal fees and a ? 15 victim surcharge. The Charges were related to 88 types of food which were put on shelves for sales. Tesco had to bear for the penalty as they knew that selling of out-date-food brought harm to the public health (www. tutorcare. o. uk). In order not to repeat their mistake, they were reinforced through staff training at the Bracknell store to ensure all the processes undergone strict quality control and the procedures were complied. Customers are the cause and purpose of every business. A business is supposed to serve them satisfactorily (Gavai, 2010). According to Tesco Corporate responsibility, they were running local s upplier programme for the purpose of getting fresh and quality products. Therefore, the company had to enforce the programme to ensure it was running smoothly and the supplier complied with it. Employers had to bear the responsibility for the incident where there was serious problem in the management. The accused significantly spoiled the corporate image and reputation which cause the sales figure to drop. However, the employers had made a right decision for admitting the mistake and paid compensation. It significantly showed that Tesco was applying the Ethics of Justice. According to Plato (2010), justice is an order and a beauty of the parts of a whole. Justice is effective coordination. It is an effective harmony of the whole. Ethics of justice can be defined as what is right and what is wrong in clear and precision. It was related to the notion of fairness. When a person is been treated unequally or deprived from what he deserved, then he was treated with injustice. Tesco realized that treating someone injustice was an immoral action, so they pledged guilty and paid fined which tend to bring fairness to the consumers as to determine this action on the criterion of rightness, which is one of the concepts in Ethics of Justice as well. Furthermore, Tesco was fined for ? 33,400 for 43 charges of selling 100 out-of-date foods at a hearing in Coventry Magistrates Court and a further of 94 charges after considering their sentenced. However, some shareholders of Tesco were present in court to show their seriousness of this matter and their concern on the case. They pledged guilty on the charges and their managers were laid off and two other employees were being disciplined (www. lacors. gov. uk). Employees had th e responsibility to carry out their job by following the corporate system. Some of the mistakes were not being tolerated and it has brought harm to the public health. The Coventry council was pleased with the results as the sentenced brought a warning to other competitors in the same industry that the government had stand at their point for the communities was appreciated. 4. 0 Best Practices and Values According to Donald, White and Bedner (2010), value is a concept of the desirable, an internalized criterion or standard of evaluation a person possesses. Such concepts and standards are relatively few and determine or guide an individuals evaluation of many objects encountered in everyday life. Values are tinged with moral flavour involving an individuals judgement of what is good, right or desirable. Tesco has practiced several communities’ works as a return to the society and tried to deliver values to them. Corporate social responsibility is in the interest of business because, by contributing to social change, it can create a better environment for its own transactions, thereby developing business while being socially responsibly (Rendtorff and Dahl, 2009). 4. 1 Communities Works Tesco plays a vital role in the local communities by supporting them actively without preconditions. They wanted to have a good relationship with the communities in which they operated. The fundamental condition that Tesco can provide to the communities is providing good quality, affordable foods and goods, and offering job to the unemployment. Besides that, they are listening and responding to the local communities for their needs and values, carrying out the issues that matter to them positively, and improve the local area by providing lasting contributions. They regularly set up a new store in the area where the retailers or businesses had been neglected. Tesco also launched a Regeneration Partnership Programs in UK where Tesco was proud as this prompted to providing job opportunities to the long term unemployment. In May 2012, they had their first launched store under the regeneration program in Hungary at Debrecen. Hiring 100 unemployed and providing 42 with courses organized by Regional Labour Centre helped them to readjust in their routine of daily work. Tesco also gathered the local communities in a centre point for them to interact. In Turkey, Tesco Kipa Family Club offered Cooking class, Dancing class, chess and learning English Class to their 60,000 members. In addition, Tesco had over 100 schools of Extended Class in South Korea to let the customers and families to attend Arts and English Class. Presently, Tesco had over 750 communities champion working into the communities which communicated with the communities effectively. They were organizing activities such as Healthy Eating to the primary school and local school children, charity event by collection or bag packing, and also asking the staff and customers to join the events like Race for Life (www. tescoplc. com). Without doubt, values to the communities such as responsibility, accountability, concern and unity had contributed absolutely by Tesco. â€Å"Value† so understood is a very broad category. It includes all sorts of things, from personal desire like health or a sense of humor to social ideals like wealth or liberty (Weston, 2010). They are responsible to the communities by giving them quality product in affordable prices. In addition, they were giving values of accountability by organizing learning class for the communities to gain their knowledge and interests. Tesco is also concerned about the communities of the unemployment, giving priority to the unemployed for job opportunities which also gave them better future and better life. Unity of the communities is very important in local area, Tesco provided a platform for the communities to communicate, interact and work together. They looked forward that every business and store were valued by the communities as they were trying hard to give interest to the communities. Tesco contributed a lot of times and fund to the community works. This demonstrates the application of Ethics of Duty. According to Kant (2010), a duty is obligatory and one has to do his duty regardless of any situation. Most of the time duty implies an action that one is expected to do as a part of society which may be neither for self-satisfaction nor for immediate happiness. Tesco knew what their prime duty to the communities was. Having a good thought is not enough but must in action. An action with potential concern showed their responsibility to the communities. 4. 2 Protecting Environment Protecting the environment is one of the important missions set by Tesco. The only way to deal with it was reducing the impact on the environment, including water and energy usage. All the suppliers have to follow the program with Tesco by reducing carbon footprint on the product and manage the water usage in all the store chain. The mission to be achieved is to become a zero-carbon business by 2050. Achieving a mission is not only in planning but practice. Tesco has converted over 100 stores to natural refrigeration across the corporate. The project in Kenya for the Lake Naivasha water stewardship helped to reduce water pollution and raised the water levels, replace transportation from lorries to rail transport which saved 15,000 tonnes of CO2e per year. Tesco had also collaborated with Unilever to create awareness amongst customers of sustainable product choices; more than 10,000 customers were advised to reduce their water footprint in Turkey. Tesco practiced by reducing in packaging and minimizing waste in their dairy operation which helped to reduce the impact on the environment. Reducing waste was the priority plan for Tesco. They used a market-leading store ordering system which helped to predict what each store chain will sell, this minimized waste of food accurately before it reached their customers. The programmes of minimizing the store’s operational waste started running since 2009 throughout the world’s store chain. They did not send any wastage from the UK store to the landfill. If the wasted were unable to recycle then it will be converted into other sources of energy. In China, cardboard and wasted oil in the stores had been fully recycled. In Poland, in order to increase the rate of recycling, they have conducted an audit of waste segregation in stores. In Malaysia, they encouraged the employees to recycle by launching a weekly league table to record who recycled the most. In US, they sent their waste food to the food bank for those who needed to reduce the wastage. And lastly in Slovakia, they donated the waste food the Hunter’s association for feeding animals. The materials used for product packing were the lightest weight and sustainable and also gave opportunities for recycling. Since 2007, Tesco have reduced the packaging of own-brand product more than 15% in UK, which included cutting glass usage by 420 tonnes annually when producing their own label Champagne. They also changed traditional packaging of toys to new packaging reduction technique that brought 15% reduction. In UK, Tesco also has commitments with WRAP’s Courtauld 2 (Waste and Resource Action Programme) to reduce the packaging waste by 2012. The commitments included the reduction of weight, recycled content of grocery packaging to be increased, rates of recycling to be increased, and carbon impact to be lowered by 10%, reduction of 4% for the UK household food and drink, and reduction of 5% for the products and packaging waste in the supply chains (www. tescoplc. com). Caring for the environment brings value of duty, love, hope, and comfort. Tesco has carried out their duty towards the society by committing on wastage reduction. All the resources taken from the earth and environment were fully utilized and the balances were recycled. This duty is belonging to everyone; therefore Tesco has taken it into priority. Tesco also showed the values of love. In terms of loving the earth, loving the environment, and loving each others in the world by saving the resources such as water. Human being is unable to live without water. Tesco knew the seriousness so they ran several programmes on reducing the usage of water. Tesco is giving Hope to the society as well, saving resources in order to prevent resources shortage, and climate changing. Value of hope is generating with these practices to the people. Living in harmony and secure which may concern for the next generation as well. With the clean environment, the values of comfort arise and the people can feel that they are living in a peaceful world. This is the main objective achieved by Tesco. A comfort lifestyle may bring positive thinking to the people, staying with tolerance and forgiveness. Tesco has significantly practiced ethical theory of right for the programme. According to William Sbaw (2010), a right is an entitlement to act or have other acts in a certain way. Everyone has a right in doing certain action and simultaneously expecting others not to deprive its right. However, others also possess a right to disagree to the action, but they cannot dismiss it. Tesco promoted the protecting environment programme and has prompted to let the communities knew that they had the right to live harmony. Right and Duty are correlated as that our prime duty is to protect the rights of people (Gavai, 2010). Tesco has the duty of giving fairness to the society and the communities have the right to enjoy the fair treatment. 5. Conclusion Business ethics is important for a corporate because it brings significant benefits and advantages. Corporation with good business ethics prompt to have good image and reputation in the market, which assist to create market awareness and promote sales easily. Furthermore, a corporation best practice such as corporate social responsibility is also very crucial which to protect the employees and communities’ welfare, c orporation may enjoy benefits for itself also because a good corporate social responsibility may create loyalty of an employee. A loyal and committted employee will stay with the corporation constantly and increase productivity, which can reduce labour turnover as well. Whereas, Tesco, as one of the biggest retailers in the world, which cover business internationally (refer Appendix II for International business Chart), they realize the importance of these and working hard to practice good ethical behavior, create value for the communities and providing moral decision to settle the ethical dilemma to ensure the stakeholder and communities can enjoy the benefits.

The effects of painkillers on the heartrate of a daphnia essays

The effects of painkillers on the heartrate of a daphnia essays Late one afternoon, a lady was driving home in the rush hour traffic. The last thing she needed was a pounding headache. While she was stopped, she dug in her purse for some aspirin to relieve her headache. She chugged it down with the Pepsi sitting by the seat. Her only worry was to relieve her headache. The affect of the painkiller on the other parts of her body was not a concern to her at that point in time. Should people wonder if their painkillers are affecting their body? Should people know how painkillers are affecting their heart, heart rate, or even worse, causing heart disease? It may just be the ingredients of a pill. Often the side effects of medication are discovered too late. Phentermine and fenfluramine are not only a diet pill ingredient but also causes heart valve problems. (Gorman 113) This is just one example of the things that may cause heart problems. They could also include an ingredient in a painkiller or other medications that a person could be taking. There are many different types of painkillers, the most common include Aspirin, Tylenol, and Ibuprofen. Aspirin, is used to relieve minor headaches, reduce fevers, colds, muscular aches, menstrual discomfort, toothaches and arthritis pain. Tylenol, is primarily for the relieve of minor aches and pains associated with headache, muscular aches, backache, minor arthritis pain, common cold, toothache, and menstrual cramps and for the reduction of fever. Ibuprofen, also relieves minor aches and pains due to colds, headaches, toothaches, and reduction of fevers. But yet, why may they affect the heart? The heart is found behind the breastbone. The heart is a hollow muscular organ that balances the circulation of blood. Blood then passes through four chambers that are separated by valves. Valves control the blood movement inside the heart. (Funk and Wagnals 273) What kinds of heart diseases are caused from painkillers...